Transcript 252Fall2004
Noise Source Channel Message Context Feedback Model of the Communication Process Receiver Six Types of Human Communication Intrapersonal Interpersonal Small Group Public Speaking Mass Mediated One person Two people Three to ? One to many One to many One to one/group Interpersonal axioms Grounded in theory and research One cannot NOT communicate Irreversible Interdependant Content and Relational Continuous (past, present, future) Need not be face to face Interpersonal Axioms Transactional Prior to 1920s Linear After, Interactional More realistic is transactional Culture A group’s specialized values, beliefs, artifacts, ways of behaving and communicating passed through communication, not genetics Learning Cultures Enculturation learning the culture into which you were born (through parents, peers, schools, religion, government, media, internet, etc.) Acculturation learning a culture different from your native culture (mutual influence occurs) Ethnocentrism the belief one’s culture is superior to that of other’s cultures Stereotypes a fixed impression of a person or group of people based mainly on physical characteristics Communication Styles Low Context majority of information carried in explicit verbal messages, with less focus on the situational context. Self-expression valued. Communicators state opinions and desires directly and strive to persuade others to accept their own viewpoint. Clear, eloquent speech considered praiseworthy. Verbal fluency admired. High Context Important information carried in contextual cues time, place relationship, situation. Less reliance on explicit verbal messages. Communicators abstain from saying “no” directly Communicators talk “around” the point allowing others to fill in the missing pieces. Ambiguity and use of silence is admired. Individualistic and Collectivist Cultures Individualistic Cultures Self is separate, unique individual; independent, self-sufficient. Individual take care of themselves/family many flexible group memberships; friends based on shared interests & activities. Reward individual achievement & initiative; individual decision encouraged, credit/ blame assigned individually Collectivist Cultures People belong to extended families; “we” or group orientation. Cares for extended family before self. Emphasis on belonging to a very few permanent in-groups with strong influence over person. Rewards contribution to group goals & well-being; cooperation with ingroup members; group decisions valued; credit/ blame shared. Perception Process Select Factors Organize Identify Classify Infer/interpret Physical characteristics Education Religion Media Communication and the Self Self Concept A relatively stable set of perceptions one holds about oneself. Different Aspects of Self Concept Self-esteem Self-awareness Self-actualization Ideal Self Real Self Reflected Appraisal Social Comparison Self-Disclosure Revealing information about one’s self to others that they could not know otherwise. Factors influencing: Time of Age Gender Ethnicity Topic Relationship Valence Reasons for Self-Awareness Self-awareness is imperative to maintain because it directly affects personal and professional development Those that feel socially excluded try to dodge self awareness by not looking into a mirror. (Gail Williams) (Jean M. Twenge; Kathleen R. Catanese; Roy F. Baumeister.) Increase Your Self-Awareness 1. Who am I? test Who am I? Developed by Bugental and Zelen I am…(15-20 times) Strengths Weaknesses 1. Tall 1. Skinny 2. Funny 2. stubborn 3. Athletic 3. Broken hand Self Improvement Goals Increase Your Self-Awareness 1. Who am I? test 2. Listen to Others 3. Seek Information Listen to Others Listen & Learn from feedback “Those struggling to define themselves crave others' feedback to help enhance their self-awareness, whereas those with a strong identity rely less on feedback: They can reinterpret, reject or accept information based on their own coherent sense of self." (Le Tourneau ) Seek Information Actively engage in asking about what others think…in moderation Increase Your Self-Awareness 1. Who am I? test 2. Listen to Others 3. Seek Information 4. Realize your Self dimensions 5. Try to expand your Open Self Increase Open Self Self disclosure Blind and Hidden self will reduce, resulting in overall better communication. The Johari Window http://www.augsburg.edu/education/edc210/images/overall.jpeg Model representing self, developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham Self-Esteem How much do you like yourself ? How much would you say you are worth? How capable do you think you are ? Self-Esteem is . . . Your self evaluation The value you place on yourself Strategies to Build Self-Esteem Attack you Self-Destructive Beliefs Engage in Self-Affirmation Seek Out Nourishing People Work on Goals That Will Result in Success Self-Destructive Beliefs Beliefs that damage your self-esteem and prevent you from forming positive relationships. Steps towards elimination: Recognize your internalized selfdestructive beliefs Realize that these beliefs are unrealistic and selfdefeating (Ellis) Self-Affirmation Remind yourself that you have succeeded (Aronson, Cohen, and Nail 1998) Examples of self-affirming phrases: I can live a nurturing, exciting, and creative life. I can accept imperfection. My world is safe and friendly. (From Gathering Through Insight and Love by Keyes) Seek Out Nourishing People Noxious people offer negative criticism Nourishing people are positive and optimistic (Rogers) Success Will Build Self-Esteem CHALLENGE YOURSELF with goals that will result in success Failure does not mean you are a failure. Failure is a learning experience you can grow from. Benefits of High Self-Esteem better performance more likely to succeed will develop lasting and meaningful relationships learn from mistakes build solid foundations (Devito) Listening Nonverbal Communication Kinesics Emblems Illustrators Regulators Adaptors Affect displays Proxemics Chronemics Haptics Nonverbal Communication Silence Clothing Jewelry Body adornments Eye contact Color Artifacts Paralanguage Nonverbal Communication What is nonverbal communication? Nonverbal Communication Communication without words; communication by means of space, gestures, facial expressions, touching, vocal variation, and silence for example (DeVito) Why do we have nonverbal communication?