Chapter 3 - JoanMerriam.com
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Transcript Chapter 3 - JoanMerriam.com
CHAPTER THREE:
Communication Principles
for Small Groups
WHAT IS “COMMUNICATION”?
The transactional process of
simultaneously creating,
interpreting, and negotiating
shared meaning through
interaction
CHARACTERISTICS OF
COMMUNICATION
Symbolic
Abstract, arbitrary
Mostly words
Personal
Meanings are in people
Transactional
Multidirectional
Meaning between people
Shared meaning
Content and relational dimensions
“what”
“how”
LISTENING
The process that involves
perceiving, interpreting, and
responding to messages
Is listening the same as hearing??
Activity
Effective
listening
Influencing factors
Listening between the lines
LISTENING PREFERENCES
Identify,
and shift
People-oriented listeners
Action-oriented listeners
Content-oriented listeners
Time-oriented listeners
ACTIVE LISTENING
Listening to understand a
message before critically
judging it
Paraphrase
Confirm
Sensitive or controversial issues
VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Actual spoken words to
communicate a message
Bypassing
Organizing
Being sensitive
Group rules
NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Anything in a message that is
NOT a word
Ambiguous
Cannot not communicate
Nonverbals reign!
Functions
Emotions
Supplement
Substitute
Regulate
Contradict
NONVERBAL
CATEGORIES
Appearance
Space
& seating
Facial expressions
Eye contact
Body movement
Voice
Timing
NONVERBAL
CATEGORIES
Appearance
Space
& seating
Facial expressions
Eye contact
Body movement
Voice
Timing