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Warm Up:
Why do we hate paragraphs so much?
What did paragraphs ever do to you?
South America Geography Quiz on Thursday
Chapter 23
Nation Building & Economic
Transformations in the Americas,
1800-1900
I. Independence in Latin America
1800-1830
A. Roots of Revolution, to 1810
1. Enlightenment Ideals
• Heavily influenced by revolutions in U.S. &
France
- Declaration of Independence
- Declaration of Rights of Man & Citizen
I. Independence in Latin America
1800-1830
2. Napoleonic Conquest
• Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1807, Spain in
1808
• Created crisis in colonies
- Spanish King Ferdinand VII abdicated his
thrown
- Portuguese King John VI fled to Brazil
I. Independence in Latin America
1800-1830
B. Spanish South America
1. Dispute over authority
• Colonies question authority of colonial officials
• Popular movements overthrew Spanish officials
in 1808-1809
- Venezuela, Mexico, & Alto Peru (Bolivia)
• Spanish leaders reasserted control, punished
leaders in 1810
I. Independence in Latin America
1800-1830
2. Independence
• Creoles in Caracas
(Venezuela) declared
independence in 1811
• Espoused popular
sovereignty & representative
democracy
• Aim to gain political power
at expense of Spanish
• Led by Simon Bolivar
- Son of wealthy planters
I. Independence in Latin America
1800-1830
2. Bolivar
• Bolivar led an army that fought for
independence
• Allied with slaves and free blacks
- Bolivar agreed to support emancipation
- Received support from Haiti
• Liberated modern Venezuela, Columbia
Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia (named for Bolivar)
I. Independence in Latin America
1800-1830
3. Attempt at Unity
• Bolívar defeated the Spanish armies in 1824
• Tried to forge Venezuela, Colombia, and
Ecuador into a single nation.
- Gran Columbia
• Attempted to create a confederation of the
former Spanish colonies.
• Both failed by 1830
I. Independence in Latin America
1800-1830
4. Buenos Aires
• local junta leaders declared independence as
the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata.
- modern Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and
Bolivia
• The new government was weak, and the
region quickly descended into political chaos.
Warm Up:
Compare the leadership of the American
Revolution to that of the revolutions in
Spanish South America.
I. Independence in Latin America
1800-1830
C. Mexico, 1810 - 1823
1. Disparity of Wealth
• In 1810, Mexico was Spain’s richest and most
populous colony
• Spanish immigrants dominated government,
church & economy
• the Amerindian population of central Mexico
was very poor
I. Independence in Latin America
1800-1830
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Jose Maria Morelos
2. Revolution
• On September 16, 1810, a priest,
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, urged
uprising against the Spain.
- resulting in violent revolution
- Targeting ranch & mine owners
(peninsulars & creoles)
• after Hidalgo’s capture and execution,
José María Morelos, also a priest,
became leader.
- Declared independence
- Drafted a constitution
• Loyalist forces defeated the insurrection
and executed Morelos in 1815.
I. Independence in Latin America
1800-1830
3. Independence
• In 1821, military revolt in
Spain
• Colonel Agustín de
Iturbide allied loyalist and
insurgents
• declared Mexico’s
independence
- with himself as emperor.
• In early 1823, the army
overthrew Iturbide
• Mexico became a republic.
- Iturbide executed in 1824
I. Independence in Latin America
1800-1830
D. Brazil, to 1831
1. End of Portuguese Rule
• King John VI of Portugal ruled his kingdom from
Brazil until 1821
• unrest in Spain and Portugal led him to return to
Lisbon.
• King John’s son Pedro remained in Brazil,
- ruled as regent until 1822
• Pedro declared Brazil to be an independent
constitutional monarchy, with himself as king.
I. Independence in Latin America
1800-1830
2. Constitutional Monarchy
• King Pedro’s enacted liberal policies
- including opposition to slavery
• alienated the political slave-holding elite
• incurred heavy losses of men and money as he
attempted to control Uruguay by military force.
• Street demonstrations and violence led Pedro I to
abdicate in favor of his son, Pedro II
• reigned until republicans overthrew him in 1889.
Read pages 652-653
Answer #1-4
II.
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890
A. Constitutional Experiments
1. Constitutionalism
• Leaders in both the United States and in Latin America
espoused constitutionalism.
2. United States
• the colonists’ prior experience with representative
government contributed to the success of constitutionalism
3. Latin America
• inexperience with popular politics contributed to the
failure of constitutions.
- conflict between church and state
- military & civilian government
II.
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890
4. Canada
• Britain responded to demands for political
reform
• Established limited self-rule in each of the
provinces in the 1840s.
• In 1867, the provincial governments of Ontario,
Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia
entered into a confederation
- Dominion of Canada with a central government
in Ottawa.
Dominion of Canada, 1873
Dominion of Canada, 1873
Although independence was not yet achieved and settlement remained concentrated along the
U.S. border, Canada had established effective political and economic control over its western
territories by 1873.
II.
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890
B. Personalist Leaders
1. Military Leaders of Civilian Government
•
Successful military leaders in both the United States and Latin America
were able to use their military reputations to gain political power.
•
Able to mobilize the masses
United States
George Washington
South America
Simon Bolivar
Mexico
Agustín de Iturbide
•
Latin America’s slow development of stable political institutions made
personalist politics more influential than it was in the United States.
II.
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890
2. Populism
• The constitutions excluded large numbers of
poor citizens from full political participation.
• led to the rise of populist leaders
- spoke to the desires of the excluded poor
II.
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890
3. Páez & Jackson
• Both dominated national politics by identifying
with the common people
- in practice, they promoted the interests of
powerful property owners.
• in Latin America personalist leaders often became
dictators
- weaker constitutional tradition, less protection of
property rights, lower literacy levels, and less
developed communications sytems
II.
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890
Paez
• uneducated and poor man
• became one of Bolivar’s leading generals
• declared Venezuela’s independence from Bolívar’s Gran
Colombia in 1829
- ruled as president or dictator for the next eighteen years.
Jackson
• born in humble circumstances,
• successful general who became president
- increased the powers of the presidency at the expense of the
Congress and the Supreme Court.
II.
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890
C. The Threat of Regionalism
1. Fragmentation in Latin America
• After independence, the weak central governments of the new
nations were often unable to prevent regional elites from leading
secessionist movements.
• In Spanish America, all of the postindependence efforts to create
large multistate federations failed.
• Central America split off from Mexico in 1823
broke up into five separate nations;
• Gran Colombia broke up into:
Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador
• Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia declared their independence from
Argentina.
Latin America Geography Quiz
II.
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890
2. U.S. Expansion
• The Louisiana Purchase & Mexican-American
War greatly increased the size of the U.S.
• Question of slavery in new territories
increased regional tensions
Territorial Growth of the United States, 1783-1853
Territorial Growth of the United States, 1783–1853
The rapid western expansion of the United States resulted from aggressive diplomacy and
warfare against Mexico and Amerindian peoples. Railroad development helped integrate the
trans-Mississippi west and promote economic expansion.
II.
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890
3. The United States & Slavery
• Slavery divided the nation
• leading to the establishment of the
Confederacy and the U.S. Civil War.
- 600,000 deaths
- Abolition of slavery in the U.S.
II.
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890
D. Foreign Interventions and Regional Wars
1. Causes Of Conflict
• national borders, access to natural resources,
and control of markets.
II.
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890
2. Conflict with Europe
• War of 1812
• Spanish – American War (1898–1899)
- U.S. gained Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines
- Cuban independence
• French invasions of Mexico
- the French invaded Mexico in 1862, ousted
President Benito Juárez
- established Maximilian Habsburg as emperor.
- Juárez drove the French out in 1867
II.
3.
•
•
•
•
-
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890
Conflicts between American Nations
Mexican - American War
U.S. gained Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado in 1848.
Chile defeated the combined forces of Peru and Bolivia in two wars
(1836–1839 &1879–1881)
Chile gained nitrate mines
forced Bolivia to give up its only outlet to the sea.
Argentina and Brazil fought over control of Uruguay in the 1820s
finally recognized Uruguayan independence.
Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay cooperated in a five-year war
against Paraguay
Paraguay was defeated, occupied, lost territory, and was forced to
open its markets to foreign trade.
II.
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890
E. Native Peoples and the Nation-State
1. End of Colonial Protection
• Independence ended colonial protection of
native peoples lands
• Independent Amerindian peoples posed a
challenge to the new nations of the Western
Hemisphere
• Amerindian military resistance was overcome in
both North and South America by the end of the
1880s.
II.
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890
2. United States
• expansion of white settlements between 1790
-1810
• led to conflict between the American
government and Amerindians
• Indian Removal Act of 1830
- forced the resettlement of eastern Amerindian
peoples to land west of the Mississippi River.
Read: Indian Removal
Documents
Answer questions on a separate
sheet of paper
II.
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890
• Amerindians living on the Great Plains had become
skilled users of horses and firearms
- resisted to the expansion of white settlement.
• Horses and firearms had made the Plains peoples less
reliant on agriculture
• more reliant on buffalo hunting.
Decline of Pains Indians
• Overhunting of the buffalo, loss of land to ranchers,
armed conflict with the U.S. Army forced the Plains
Amerindians to give up their land
- Forced to move to reservations
Pile of Buffalo Skulls
Extermination of the
Bison to 1889
•
Original range
•
Range as of 1870
•
Range as of 1889
This map based on William Temple Hornaday's
late-nineteenth-century research
Read: Accounts of Massacres
Indian Cession of Lands to the United States
Indian Cession of Lands to the United States
Forced removal of the Creek, Cherokee, and Chickasaw Indians led to the death of thousands
on the Trail of Tears to reservations in Oklahoma, as well as to the destruction of their
cultures.
II.
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890
3. Argentina & Chile
• Native people were able to check the expansion of
white settlement until the 1860s
• population increase, political stability, and
military modernization gave the Chilean and
Argentinean governments the upper hand.
• In the 1870s both Argentina and Chile crushed
native resistance
- drove surviving Amerindians onto marginal land.
II.
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890
5. Mexico
• plantation owners in the Yucatán Peninsula
forced Maya communities off their land
- lived in poverty.
• Maya communities in the Yucatán rose in a
revolt
• the Caste War (1847)
- nearly returned the Yucatán to Maya rule.
Warm Up:
What led to the downfall of Native American
civilation in the United States?
III. The Challenge of Social and
Economic Change
A. The Abolition of Slavery
1. Ideals vs. Reality
• Enlightenment ideals of freedom and
citizenship contrasted with the reality of
slavery.
• Slavery survived in much of the Western
Hemisphere until the 1850s
III. The Challenge of Social and
Economic Change
2. Slavery in the United States
• In the early19th century, slavery was
weakened:
- abolition in some of the northern states
- by the termination of the African slave trade
to the United States (1808)
III. The Challenge of Social and
Economic Change
3. United States Abolitionist
• Made moral and religious arguments against slavery.
• women and free African Americans, played important
roles in the abolition movement.
- neither had full Constitutional Rights
• The Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery in
the rebel states not occupied by the Union army
• final abolition was accomplished with the passage of
the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.
III. The Challenge of Social and
Economic Change
4. Brazil
• progress toward the abolition of slavery was
slower
• Slaves joined army in exchange for freedom
during war with Paraguay (1865-1870)
- Served with distinction
- Increased support for abolition
• Slavery abolished in 1888.
III. The Challenge of Social and
Economic Change
5. the Caribbean colonies
• little support for abolition among whites or
among free blacks.
• abolition in British Caribbean colonies was the
result the declining profitability of the sugar
plantations
• abolition in the French colonies followed the
overthrow of the government of Louis Philippe.
• Slavery was abolished in Puerto Rico in 1873
and in Cuba in 1886.
III. The Challenge of Social and
Economic Change
B. Immigration
1. Need for labor
• As the slave trade ended, immigration from
Europe and Asia increased.
• During the 19th century, Europe provided the
majority of immigrants to the Western
Hemisphere
• Asian immigration increased after 1850.
Immigrants to Argentina await processing
Immigrants to Argentina await processing
Argentina was one of the most important destinations for European immigrants in the
nineteenth century. In this photo, thousands of recent arrivals are packed into an assembly hall
to await processing. (Library of Congress)
Chinese in Vancouver
Chinese in Vancouver
Vancouver was an important Western Hemisphere destination for Chinese immigrants in the
nineteenth century. This photo shows how an important element of traditional Chinese culture-the elaborate Chinese funeral--thrived among the storefronts and streetcar lines of the lateVictorian Canadian city. (Special Collections, Vancouver Public Library)
III. The Challenge of Social and
Economic Change
2. Discrimination
• Immigration brought economic benefits
• Asian immigrants faced discrimination and violence in
the United States, Canada, Peru, Mexico, and Cuba
• immigrants from European countries also faced
prejudice and discrimination.
3. Assimilation
• Desire for immigrants to adopt culture
• Schools were used to teach language, cultural values,
and patriotism.
III. The Challenge of Social and
Economic Change
C. American Cultures
1. Impact of Immigration
• Customs of immigrant communities changed
- Acculturation
• Influence of immigrants
- Language, food, dance, music, sports, fashion,
political ideas
III. The Challenge of Social and
Economic Change
D. Women’s Rights and the Struggle for Social Justice
1. Women’s Rights Movement
• Women’s Rights Convention, Seneca Falls, NY 1848
- Called for equal rights for women
• Slow progress:
- Demanded economic, legal, political, and educational
equality in the United States, Canada, and Latin America.
• Most working-class women played no role in the women’s
rights movements
- took jobs outside the home, contributing to the
transformation of gender relations.
Read: Declaration of Sentiments
III. The Challenge of Social and
Economic Change
2. Civil Rights
• discrimination against persons of African
descent existed throughout the Western
Hemisphere
• Demand for equal political & economic rights
III. The Challenge of Social and
Economic Change
E. Development and Underdevelopment
1. Growth
• Nearly all the nations of the Western
Hemisphere experienced economic growth
during the 19th century
• the United States was the only one to
industrialize
• Only the United States, Canada, and Argentina
attained living standards similar to those in
Western Europe.
III. The Challenge of Social and
Economic Change
2. Foreign Investment
• Rising demand for mine products led to mining
booms in the western United States, Mexico, and
Chile.
• European & North American corporations
played a significant role in developing mining
enterprises in Latin America.
• The expense of transportation and
communications technology also increased
dependence on foreign capital.
III. The Challenge of Social and
Economic Change
3.Interdependence
• Latin America, the United States, and Canada
all participated in the increasingly integrated
world market
• Those nations that industrialized achieved
prosperity and development,
• those nations that depended on the export of
raw materials and low-wage industries
experienced underdevelopment.
III. The Challenge of Social and
Economic Change
4. Success vs. Failure
• Based on cyclical swings in international markets
• The United States and Canada gained independence
during periods of global economic expansion.
• Latin American countries gained independence when
the global economy was contracting.
• Weak governments, political instability, and (in some
cases) civil war slowed Latin American development.
• Latin America became dependent on Britain and, later,
on the U.S. for technology and capital.
III. The Challenge of Social and
Economic Change
F.
1.
•
•
Altered Environments
Effects of Growth
Deforestation, soil exhaustion, and erosion.
Rapid urbanization put strain on water delivery systems,
sewage and garbage disposal systems
• The expansion of the mining industry led to erosion and
pollution
• Increased demand led to environmental degradation but
also contributed to economic growth.
• Given a choice between protecting the environment or
achieving economic growth, nations chose economic
growth.
The United States, 1850-1920
The United States, 1850-1920
This map shows the expansion of the United States from the coasts into the interior of the continent. In the western
half of the continent, only California and Texas were states in 1850; territories located further from the coasts
became states later. The economic development, shown by the railroad lines, followed much the same pattern,
radiating west and south from the northeastern states and--to a lesser extent--eastward from California.
IV. Comparative Perspectives
A. Constitutional Challenges
• All new nations in the Western Hemisphere evolved from their colonial political traditions.
• All but the United States suffered failed constitutions within a generation and were divided by
distinct regions and ideologies.
B. Challenges of Expansion
• The new nations faced foreign intervention and/or regional competition over territory.
• Amerindians lost out to white encroachment throughout the hemisphere.
C. Social and Economic Changes
• The end of slavery in the United States and Brazil followed long campaigns and protests to the point
of Civil War.
- The poorest regions of the United States and Brazil were those that had relied upon slave labor.
• Amerindian populations were forced to marginal lands and remained at the bottom economically.
• Immigrants to the Western Hemisphere tended to settle in regions that had not included slavery.
- Many came as indentured servants and some, such as the Chinese and East Indians, suffered racial
discrimination.
• Nations in the more temperate regions tended to prosper the most. Although economic growth
throughout the hemisphere depended upon agricultural exports, the United States had become a
major industrial nation by 1890.