Transcript Industrial Revolution PowerPoint Presentation

Historical Significance of the
Industrial Revolution
in 1700 an ancient Greek or Roman would
have been just as comfortable in Europe or
America because daily life was not much
different – agriculture and technology had
not changed significantly in 2000+ years
 The Industrial Revolution changed human
life drastically
 More has created in the last 250+ years than
in the previous 2500+ years of known
human history

What was the Industrial
Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution was a
fundamental change in the way goods
were produced, from human labor to
machines

The more efficient means of production
and higher levels of production triggered
far-reaching changes to industrialized
societies
England: Birthplace of the
Industrial Revolution

No concrete start date for the Industrial
Revolution

Marked by gradual, slow changes

After 1750 – these changes were
noticeable first in England
The Industrial Revolution
Machines were invented which replaced
human labor
 Labor demands as well as the method of
supplying labor changed.
 Transportation improved

 Ships
○ Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships
○ Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers
 Trains

Communication improved
 Telegraph
Note

From here on out the Industrial
Revolution will be abbreviated as IR
Background of the Industrial
Revolution
Prior to the IR, which began in Britain in
the mid 1700s, most people in Europe
and the United States were farmers.
 manufacturing was often done in
people’s homes, using hand tools or
basic machines.
 This was known as the Domestic System

Development of the Domestic
System of Production (1600-1749)

Domestic system of production –
 Families manufactured goods from raw materials
in their homes (typically articles of clothing)
 Businesspeople picked up finished goods
 workers paid based on number of items

By the mid 1700’s changes in GB led to
greater demand for manufactured goods
 Improved roads, agricultural improvements,
population growth

Domestic system could not keep up with
demand
Important Developments

Textiles
 Before IR, several workers had to spin
enough thread to make cloth.
 In 1769, Richard Arkwright invented the
water frame
 Allowed GB to produce cloth faster and
cheaper than other countries.
Textiles in America
To protect its investments, GB made it
illegal for skilled mechanics or machine
plans to leave the country.
 Samuel Slater, a skilled mechanic,
ignored parliament and immigrated to
the United States after memorizing the
plans for the textile machine
 By 1793 Slater had opened a textile mill
in the US

Changes in Manufacturing
Despite Slater’s success, most
manufacturing in the United States was
still done by hand prior to 1800.
 In 1798 Eli Whitney attempted to solve
some of the issues that made mass
production of goods too difficult.

 Develops idea for interchangeable parts
○ Identical parts made mass production possible
American Manufacturing

Despite the best efforts of men like
Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney,
manufacturing in the United States still
grew slowly
 Lower British prices made competition
difficult
 American investors would rather buy
directly from GB than spend the necessary
money to build new factories and machinery
Industrial Revolution Spark
manufacturing growth in the late 1700’s
and early 1800’s began to change
around the time of the War of 1812.
 Americans began to realize that the
United States was too reliant on foreign
goods.
 The nationalistic pride that followed the
end of the war allowed the United States
to pursue manufacturing growth.

Changes to the Domestic
System
The end of the War of 1812 created a
desire to manufacture goods within the
US on a greater scale.
 New machines and interchangeable
parts increase the demand for goods.
 Domestic system simply could not meet
the new demand for goods.

Rhode Island System
Developed to replace the domestic system of
production
 Faster method of production
 Developed by Samuel Slater
 Slater brought entire families to his mills to
work.

 Women and children could be paid less do simple
but time consuming tasks.
 Increased profits
The Lowell System
Based on water powered textile mills
 Employed young unmarried women
from local farms
 Women earned between $2-$4 a week
 Had to pay for room and board at the
mill

Transportation
Increased
production
Search for
more markets
and raw
materials
Before the Industrial Revolution
•Canal barges pulled by mules
•Ships powered by sails
•Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and carriages
After the Industrial Revolution
•Trains
•Steamships
•Trolleys
•Automobiles
Better and
faster means
of
transportation
Steamboats
Robert Fulton invented the steamboat in
1807
 The Clermont operated the first regular
steamboat route, running between Albany
and New York City
 1838 – the Great Western first ship to sail
across the Atlantic on steam power alone,
completing the trip in 15 days

Development of Steam
Locomotive
 The
development of railroads was one
of the most important events of the
Industrial Revolution.
 George Stephenson had introduced
the first successful steam locomotive
in England.
 By the late 1820’s, several of his
locomotives had been shipped to the
United States.
Importance of the
Locomotive

The railroad industry transformed depot towns
into vital cities. It led to more contact and spread
of technological advances from the East.
 This accelerated the Industrial Revolution.

By the start of the Civil War in 1861, the country
had roughly 32,000 miles of railroad track.
 by 1861, 22,000 miles of track had been laid in the
Northern states and 9,500 miles in the South
Results of the Industrial
Revolution
Economic
Changes
• Expansion of world trade
• Factory system
• Mass production of goods
• Increased standard of living
• Unemployment
Political
Changes
• Growth and expansion of democracy
• Increased government involvement in society
• Nationalism and imperialism stimulated
• Rise to power of businesspeople
Social
Changes
• Development and growth of cities
• Improved status and earning power of women
• Increase in leisure time
• Problems – economic insecurity, increased deadliness of war, urban slums, etc.
Reform Movements
 Labor
Reform
 Abolition
 Women’s Rights
 Prison Reform
 Public Education
Causes
 Reaction
to the Industrial Revolution
 Opposition to slavery
 Treatment of Mentally Ill
 Women’s Rights
Changing Employee-Employer
Relationships

Domestic system
 Workers and employers knew each other personally
 Workers could aspire to become employers

Factory system
 Workers no longer owned the means of production
(machinery)
 Employers no longer knew workers personally
○ Factories often run by managers paid by the corporation
 Relationships between employers and employees grew
strained
Problems of the Factory System
Factories were crowded, dark, and dirty
 Workers toiled from dawn to dusk
 Young children worked with dangerous
machinery

Poor Living Conditions
Factories driven solely by profit
 Factory (also company or mill) towns

 Towns built by employers around factories to
house workers
 Workers charged higher prices than normal for
rent, groceries, etc.
Slum Living Conditions

Factory towns – often built and owned by
factories
 Full of crowded tenements
 Few amenities

Tenements – buildings with rented
multiple dwellings
 Apartment buildings with a more negative
connotation
 Overcrowded and unsanitary

Workers were unsatisfied both inside and
outside the factories
Rise of Labor Unions

Before labor unions, workers bargained
individually – “individual bargaining”
 Before factories, a worker could bargain for better
wages and working conditions by arguing his or her
particular skills
 But in factories, work is routine and one worker can
easily replace another

With labor unions, workers bargained together
as a group, or collective – “collective bargaining”
 Organized groups of workers elected leaders to bargain
on their behalf
 Used tools (such as strikes) to gain rights
Changes to Working Conditions

The conditions in factories were poor at best.
 Employees would work about 13 hours a day 6 or
7 days a week

Beginning in the 1830s unions argued and
protested for better conditions.
 factory laws were passed by state governments to
limit work days in the 1840’s.
 Safer conditions were soon seen within a decade
of that.
Number of Slaves in Northern States
State
Number of Slaves
Connecticut
6,464 (Eve of Revolution)
Delaware
1,800 (Start of Civil War)
New York
13,000 (1756)-35% of
immigrants were West Indies
slaves
New Jersey
12,000 (1800)
Pennsylvania
11,000 (1754)
Massachusetts
2,000 (1715)
New Hampshire
158 (1789)
When did Northern States abolish
slavery?
 Connecticut- 1848
 13th
Amendment ends slavery in Delaware
 New York-1827
 New Jersey-1846
 Pennsylvania- 1780
 Massachusetts-1780
 New Hampshire-1857
Abolition
 Before
the 1830’s, little national attention
 Exception was the American Colonization
Society (1826)
 ACS established Liberia in Africa
 Capital of Liberia named after President
Monroe
 Colonization or sending slaves back to
Africa was a popular idea
Militant Abolitionism
 Militant
Abolitionists believed slavery was
a sin
 Slavery contradicted Declaration of
Independence
 MA wanted an immediate end of slavery
 Key leader of the movement was William
Lloyd Garrison
 The Liberator-Newspaper Started in 1831
 Garrison’s
word angered many
Southerners
 Garrison’s call to dissolve the Union met
little support
 His message became very popular among
other abolitionists
 Newspaper and pamphlets
 Public Arena
 Non Violence
 “Moral Suasion”
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
 Born
into slavery in Virginia in 1800
 Visions from God to lead a revolt
 August 22, Turner and 80 of his followers march from
farm to farm assaulting white inhabitants
 60 whites were killed
 Turner is captured and ordered to be executed
 Importance of revolt-first major slave resistance
 Many laws in the South further restrict the rights of black
both slave and free
Frederick Douglas
 One
person who symbolized both slave
resistance and abolition was Frederick
Douglas
 Son of a slave mother/unidentified white man
 Grew up in Maryland
 Taught himself to read and write
 Sent to a “slave breaker” at age 15-whipped
repeatedly
 In 1838 escaped to the North
Dorothea Dix
“A voice for the mad”
 Massachusetts
school teacher (1802-1887)
 In 1841, starts her work to improve the lives of the
mentally ill
 Most mentally ill in jail with criminals
 Treatment was inhumane
 Before the Civil War, 28 states constructed mental
hospitals
Why were women upset?
 Couldn’t
vote
 Denied access to education and
employment
 Husbands had control over their wives’
property and wages
 Husbands retained custody of children
after a divorce
 Denied jobs created by market revolution
 Private freedom
Why Seneca Falls?
 Residence
of Elizabeth Cady Stanton
 In 1840, Stanton and Mott travelled to
London as delegates of the World AntiSlavery Convention
 Barred from participating because they
were women