Transcript Goal 4: Unity and Diversity of Life

Goal 4: Unity and
Diversity of Life
4.01 Classification
Taxonomy: science of
classifying living things
ARISTOTLE gave us our
first system of classifying
2 Kingdoms – Plants and
Animals
Later…3 Kingdoms –
Plants, Animals and
Protists
Classification
And until recently…there were 5
kingdoms: Plants, Animals,
Protists, Fungi and Monera
Today…we group living things into 6
kingdoms…all of the
above…except MONERA (the
bacteria) have been divided into 2
kingdoms: Eubacteria &
Archaebacteria
Why do the kingdoms keep
changing?
New technology & new
information about living
things cause us to have to
adjust our groupings
Taxons of Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
KINGS PLAY CHESS ON FAT GREEN STOOLS
Binomial Nomenclature
Two name system of classification.
Genus + Species
Examples:
Homo sapien
(humans)
Canis familiaris
(domesticated dogs)
Felis domesticus
(domesticated cats)
Quercus alba (white
oak)
Basis of Classification:
 Evolutionary phylogeny
(following descendents/ancestors)
 DNA/biochemical analysis
(the more similar DNA is b/w organisms; the more
closely related they are)
 Embryology
(more similar embryonic stages; more closely
related: for example: all vertebrates have a tail & gill
slits as embryos)
 Morphology
(similarities in structural features)
Phylogenetic Trees
Used to show
relationships
between organisms.
Who evolved first.
Which organisms are
either very closely
related or distantly
related.
Phylogenetic Trees con’t
Which phylum is the most
closely related to the
Chordata?
Echinodermata
Which phylum
evolved first?
Porifera
Between Arthropoda,
Annelida and
Mollusca? Who
evolved first?
Mollusca
Biochemical Analysis
Biochemical or DNA
similarities help to
demonstrate
relatedness between
organisms.
(cytochrome C is a
protein found in the
mitochondria)
Embryology
Similarities during
embryological
development can
demonstrate how two
organisms are
related.
Morphology
Similarities in the
structure of these
frog skulls ( 6
different species)
show how closely
they are related.
Cell Types
Prokaryotes
- No nucleus
- No membrane bound
organelles
- Ribosomes
- Cell membrane
- Cell wall
- Small & primitive
- Circular DNA (one
chromosome)
Cell Types con’t
Eukaryotic
- Nucleus (nuclear
membrane)
- DNA & chromosomes
- Membrane bound
organelles
- Ribosomes
- Cell membrane
- Large & complex
Kingdom EUBACTERIA
 Prokaryotic
 No nucleus…but
does have DNA
 Unicellular
 Heterotrophic
(feed on other
organisms; cause
disease
 E. coli; pneumonia
& strept bacterias
Kingdom:
ARCHAEBACTERIA
 Prokaryotic
 No nucleus…but
does have DNA
 Unicellular
 Heterotrophic
 Some autotrophic
(chemosyntheis)
 Live in HARSH
environments: hot
springs, thermal
vents, no oxygen
Kingdom: PROTISTA
Eukaryotic
Unicellular
Heterotrophic
(Absorb nutrients)
No complex organ
systems
Euglena
Can be
heterotrophic
or autotrophic
Paramecium
Kingdom Fungi
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
(absorb nutrients)
Nonmotile/sessile
No complex
organ
systems
Cell walls
mushrooms
Molds
Mildews
yeast
Kingdom Plantae
-Eukaryotic
-Multicellular
-Autotrophic (photosynthesis)
-Sessile/nonmotile
-Chloroplasts and cell walls
-Complex organ systems
Kingdom Animalia
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotophs (ingestion)
Motile
Complex organ systems
ALGAE: Where do they
belong?
 Eukaryotic
VOLVOX
SPIROGYRA
 Unicellular &
multicellular
 Autotrophic
(photosynthesis)
 Non-motile
 No true roots, stems,
leaves
 Some classify in
PLANT kingdom;
some classify in
PROTIST kingdom
Using a Dichotomous Key
Can you
identify
these birds
using the
dichotomous
key?
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
W:
X:
Y:
Z:
Geospiza
Platyspiza
Certhidea
Camarhynchus
4.02 Analyze essential life
functions of specific
representatives
Transport: How organisms move food and
wastes throughout their bodies.
Excretion: How organisms get rid of their waste
and balance their fluids.
Regulation: How organisms control body
processes – i.e. hormones and nervous system
Respiration: How organisms exchange gases
(O2 and CO2) with the environment
Con’t
Nutrition: How organisms break down
and absorb foods.
Synthesis: How organisms build
necessary molecules.
Reproduction: Continuation of the
species thru sexual or asexual
reproduction.
Growth and Development: getting bigger
& maturing
Unicellular Protists
Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena
Transport, Excretion and Respiration:
osmosis, diffusion, active transport
Nutrition: food vacuoles
Reproduction: mostly asexual, binary
fission
Regulation of response: eye spots
Growth & Development: cell division
Annelid Worms
Annelid Worms
Transport: five “hearts, dorsal and ventral
blood vessel, closed system
Excretion: nephridia, “kidney-like”
structures found on every segment
Regulation: dorsal “brain, ventral nerve
cord
Respiration: breath through their skin
Worms con’t
Nutrition: crop (storage), gizzard (grinds),
intestine (chemical digestion)
Reproduction: worms are hermaphroditic,
exchange sperm and lay eggs
Development: from eggs
Insects
Insects
Transport: open circulatory system
Excretion: Malpighian tubules
Regulation: hormones, nervous system,
pheromones
Respiration: spiracles & tubes called
tracheae
Nutrition: insects have a wide variety of
mouth parts to eat a variety of foods
Insects con’t
Reproduction: sexual (external);
parthenogenesis
Development: metamorphosis
Incomplete: egg  nymph  adult
Complete: egg  larva  pupa  adult
Amphibians
Amphibians
Transport: closed circulatory system
Excretion: kidneys/urinary bladder
Regulation: hormones (control
metamorphosis), nervous system
Respiration: gills, lungs, skin
Nutrition: larva (herbivores), adults
(carnivores)
Amphibians con’t
Reproduction: sexual, external fertilization
Development: incomplete metamorphosis
Egg  larva 
adult
Mammalia
Mammalia
Transport: closed circulatory system
Excretion: kidneys
Regulation: hormones, well developed
nervous system (developed senses)
Respiration: lungs
Nutrition: digestive tracts vary according to
what the animal eats
Mammalia con’t
Reproduction: sexual with internal
fertilization
Development:
Monotremes  duck billed platypus and
spiny anteater lay eggs
Marsupials → partial placental; complete
development outside mom’s body
Placental → Most mammals have a well
developed placenta (uterus); full
development inside mom
Internal Development
PLANTS
Respiration: gas exchange through diffusion
Synthesis: carry out photosynthesis and make
sugars and other macromolecules
Classified based on their
transport…reproduction…development

Non vascular plants
Non Vascular Plants
Mosses and liverworts
Transport: use osmosis and diffusion; no tubes
Reproduction: spores
Development: moss cycle between a sexual
phase with egg and sperm and an asexual
phase that makes spores
Non-Seed Vascular Plants
Ferns
Transport: vascular tissue:
xylem & phloem (tubes)
Reproduction: spores
Development: alternation of generations;
(sporophyte, produces asexual spores;
gametophyte, produces egg/sperm)
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms
Means “naked seed”, includes the conifers
(cone-bearing trees: pine, spruce, fir,
hemlock)
Transport: xylem and phloem
Respiration: CO2, H2O and O2 move in and
out of leaf through stomata
Synthesis: photosynthesis
Gymnosperms
Reproduction: sperm is now inside a pollen
grain
Pollination – sperm moves from male
cones to female cones via wind
Fertilization – sperm and egg unite on the
female cone and produce seeds
Angiosperms
Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Transport: xylem and phloem
Regulation: plant hormones like auxin,
cause stems to bend
Respiration: stomata
Synthesis: photosynthesis
Reproduction: pollination and fertilization
Angiosperms
Pollination occurs through wind and
pollinators like bees, hummingbirds and
bats
Seeds develop in an ovary that aids seed
dispersal.
Seeds have cotyledons (seed leaves)
Ovary can become a fruit or some other
structure that aids dispersal
Leaf Cross-Section
4.03 Adaptations affecting
survival and reproductive
success
Form
And
Function
Feeding Adaptations
Mosquitoes mouth is
adapted to suck
blood
Snakes jaws unhinge
to take in whole prey
Feeding Adaptations
 Intestinal folds (villi)
found in many types
of animals
 Mammals, worms,
insects, amphibians
 Increase surface
area to increase
efficiency of
digestion
Reproductive Adaptations
Male birds using
elaborate mating
displays or rituals to
attract females.
Reproductive Adaptations
Male frogs have thumb
pads to hold onto
female when mating.
Ensures egg and
sperm will meet.
Reproductive Adaptations
 Asexual cell division
does not allow for
genetic variety
 However…it does
eliminate the need to
find a mate!
Reproductive Adaptations
 Earthworms are
hermaphrodites…
 Each worm produces
egg & sperm
 Still exchange sperm
with another worm
(for genetic variety)
 However…can still
produce offspring if
they can’t find a mate
Developmental Adaptations
 Animals that go through
complete
metamorphosis such as
insects and frogs have
an adaptive advantage
in feeding
 The larvae form tends to
be herbivorous, while
the adult is carnivorous
 NO COMPETITION!
Other Adaptations
 Flowers develop
certain colors,
scents, shapes to
attract certain
pollinators
 This is an example of
coevolution
Co-evolution
Fly orchid looks and
smells similar to
female wasp. Male
“mates” with it and
transfers pollen from
one flower to the
next.
Adaptations to Life on Land
Plants
1. Vascular Tissue – xylem and phloem –
transport materials and support
2. Cuticle – waxy covering to prevent
dehydration
3. Pollen – allows fertilization without
water
4. Tropisms – Geotropism: growth
toward gravity (roots); Phototropism:
growth toward light (leaves)
Adaptations to Life on Land
Animals
1. Gills become lungs
2. Moist skin becomes thick with scales or
other coverings – prevent dehydration
3. Internal fertilization
4. Amniotic egg
5. Legs move under the animal to allow
easier movement
Pathogens
Disease causing
organisms
Virus
Protein coat (capsid)
surrounds core of
nucleic acid (DNA or
RNA)
Needs a host cell to
reproduce (invades)
Specific for a particular
host
Able to mutate
HIV, Flu, smallpox,
polio, Rabies
Don’t grow…develop…
need energy…respond
Bacteria
Able to mutate
(resistance to
antibiotics)
Streptococcus
Salmonella
Botulism
MRSA (staph)
Protecting Ourselves
Against Viruses
Against Bacteria
 Vaccinations:
 Antibiotics:
 Discovered in early
1900’s
 Kill bacteria
 Decades of exposure has
produced resistant
bacteria
 Antibiotics don’t work on
them anymore
 NATURAL SELECTION
 Weakened form of virus
injected in body to stimulate
immune response to make
antibodies against virus
 So next time you get virus;
already have antibodies to
destroy virus
 However, so many flu & cold
viruses…and they mutate so
often…can’t get vaccinated
against all
4.04 Health and Disease
Role of genetics and the environment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5.
6.
Sickle cell anemia and malaria (see next slide)
Lung/mouth cancer and tobacco use
Stomach/colon cancer and diet
Skin cancer sun exposure
Sun exposure and vitamin D and folic acid
Diabetes (environment and genetics)
PKU and diet
Parasites - Plasmodium
Plasmodium destroying red blood
cells
Malaria caused by the
protist, Plasmodium.
Vector: Mosquito
Symptoms: fever, chills,
headache, nausea
Treatments:
1. Prevention
2. Antimalarial drugs
3. No vaccine
Plasmodium cannot live in blood stream of person with
sickle shaped cells
Diabetes
 Insulin is a hormone
produced by the
pancreas to control
blood sugar.
Diabetes can be
caused by too little
insulin, resistance to
insulin, or both
 Diabetes can be
controlled or even
prevented by diet
(watch sugar/carb
intake) & exercise
(which burns carbs)
PKU (Phenylketonuria)
 Inability to break
down the amino acid:
phenylalanine
 Excess
phenylalanine can
cause brain damage
 Babies that test
positive for PKU on
put on diets that
reduce intake of
phenylalanine
Immune System
 Protects you against
foreign invaders
 First line of defense:
your skin
Antigens – foreign protein
(bacteria, virus, fungus,
transplanted organ)
*first line of attack
Antibodies – proteins your
body makes to defend
itself against antigens
Immune System
The Adaptive Immune
system kicks in if the
Innate (antigenantibody) response does
not work
B cells: make antibodies
T cells:bHelp B cells make
antibodies; Kill infected
cells
Types of Immunity
Active
Passive
Your body makes the
antibodies
Ex: having the disease,
getting a vaccination
You get the antibodies
from another source
Ex: from mother thru
the placenta or
mothers milk, from a
shot (rabies shot)
Antibodies remember the
disease antigen so it’s
ready to destroy next
time it enters your body
Vaccine
Given a shot of dead or
weakened pathogens
Your body makes
antibodies in
response to the
antigens
You are left with
memory cells
Nutrition
What makes up a healthy diet?
What is poor nutrition?
obesity
malnutrition
iron or calcium deficiency
vitamin deficiency
Toxins - environmental
Lead  Heavy metal, builds up over time
 Exposure more serious in children
 Symptoms: reduced IQ, slowed body growth,
hearing problems, behavior or attention
problems, failure at school, kidney damage
 Sources: paint, plumbing, toys, dinnerware
Toxins - Environmental
Mercury –
 Heavy metal, builds up over time
 Sources: glass thermometers, electrical
switches, fluorescent light bulbs, fish
 Symptoms: numbness or pain in certain parts
of your skin, uncontrollable shake or tremor,
inability to walk well, blindness and double
vision, memory problems, seizures and death
(with large exposures)
 Very dangerous for fetuses dev. brain
4.05: Analyze the broad
patterns of animal
behavior as adaptations to
the environment
INNATE BEHAVIOR
 Inherited behavior
 Instincts & reflexes
 Behavior an animal
is born with
 EX: suckling; building
nests, migrating,
defending territory
Innate Behavior
Taxis – animal moves
toward or away
from a stimulus
Ex. Insect moving
toward or away
from light
Positive light taxis
Innate Behavior
REFLEX
 Automatic response to a
stimulus
 Pulling your hand away
from heat
 Jumping at a loud noise
INSTINCT
 Something you are born
knowing to do
 Building a nest
 suckling
Innate Behavior
 MIGRATION
 Moving to new
location periodically
(find food, mating
partners)
 Based on seasons,
rain
Innate Behavior
ESTIVATION –
dormancy during
periods of extreme
heat or drought
Purpose???
conserve resources
during extreme
conditions
Common in frogs
Innate Behavior
HIBERNATION –
dormant (sleep-like
state) in winter
Purpose?????
Survive winters
when there is little
available food.
Innate Behavior
AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIOR
Animal intimidates
another
Bird calling, growling,
showing teeth
To defend food supply,
territory, or young
Innate Behavior
 TERRITORIALITY
 Defending an area from
another organism
 Physical space used by
an organism for feeding,
breeding, or raising
young
 Reduces conflicts,
controls population
growth, provides efficient
use of resources
Innate Behavior
 PHEROMONES:
chemicals that
communicate
information in other
animals
 Ants, bees use them
to communicate
 Urine contains
pheromones
 Often used to mark
territory
Humans mark their
territory too!
Innate Behavior
 COURTSHIP
 Rituals carried out to
attract mates
 Flashy dances,
gestures, posturing,
light signals
 Specific to each
species
 Helps organisms find
mates of their
species
Circadian Rhythm
 Daily rhythm
 Sleeping
 eating
Learned Behavior
 Acquired behavior
 Behavior changes
through practice
 Trial & error
 Allows for adaptation
to change; therefore
important in survival
Learned Behavior
 TRIAL & ERROR
 Practice makes
perfect
 Learn to exhibit a
behavior based on a
reward
Learned Behavior
 HABITUATION
an animal becomes
accustomed to a stimulus
through prolonged and
regular exposure
Ex: you don’t notice a clock
chiming in your house, the
refrigerator or heat/air
coming on; but you do when
you’re at someone else’s
house!
Learned Behavior
 IMPRINTING
 Learning based on
early experience
 Bonding shortly after
birth
 Once occurred,
cannot be changed
 Keeps young
animals close to
mother who protects
and feeds them
Learned Behavior
 CONDITIONING
 Learning by
association
 Dogs or cats come to
their food bowl when
they hear the can
opener
 Students change
class when they hear
bell
Social Behavior
Communication in
social insects using
pheromones.
Social Behavior
 DOMINANCE
HIERARCHY
 “pecking order”
 In social groups,
there is a state of
“seniority”
 Alpha males/females