Transcript Digestive system - mazarelloscience.com

STAAR Reporting
Category 4
Organisms &
environment
Middle School Science
Science STAAR Need to Know
Journal Entry
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Problem: Based on
the dichotomous
key, how can we
classify the plant?
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Claim:
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Scientific Explanation:H
Leaves are arranged like a
fan.
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PCES
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9
10
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Problem:
What are the characteristics of
plant kingdom?
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Claim:
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Scientific Explanation: B
Plants are autotrophic.
This means that they
make their own food.
They are multicellular
(made up of many cells).
15
PCES
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A. Fungi B. Eubacteria C. Plantae D.Animalia
17
Problem:
In which kingdom does
the organism belong
to?
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Claim:
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Scientific Explanation: C
Plant Kingdom
20
Eukaryotic and
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryote = without
a nucleus
Eukaryote = with a
nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell Structure
 The plasma
membrane/cell
membrane
 the flexible
boundary of a
cell
 separates a cell
from its
surroundings
Eukaryotic plant cell
 Plant cells are also Eukaryotic cells, but plant
cells contain some organelles that are not found
in animal cells.
Plant Cell Organelles
 Cell wall- rigid wall outside the plasma membrane. It
provides the cell with extra support.
 Chloroplasts- captures light and energy; and
converts it into chemical energy.
 Chlorophyll- green pigment found inside the
chloroplast.
 Plastids- organelles that store things such as food in
the plant cell.
PCES
27
Problem: What is missing
in the food web in order
to make it complete?
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Claim:
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Scientific Explanation:
The decomposers
(bacteria, fungi) are
missing from the food
web.
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Journal Entry – Case One
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Scientific Explanation: D
90 % energy is lost as it
moves from one trophic
level to the next.
10% energy is passed on.
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PCES
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40
A
Microscopic algae are
plants and white
suckers are animals.
Plants = producers
Animals = consumers
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PCES
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43
C
Trees/plants are
producers, and
elephants/animals are
consumers.
44
Journal Entry – Case One
Select the correct answer and explain.
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46
F
bats
owls
are eaten by
bats = prey
owls = predator
47
F
moths
bats
are eaten by
moths = prey
bats = predator
48
Case Two - Select the correct answer and
explain
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50
1
blackberries
raccoons
are eaten by
garter snakes
raccoons
are eaten by
51
Raccoons eat
blackberries (plants)
and garter snakes
(animals).
Raccoons are
omnivores.
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56
PREY
PREDATOR
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PCES
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59
60
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63
H
Rangia
clams
prey
are eaten by
Blue
crabs
predator
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PCES
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66
3
67
Journal Entry – Case One
Select the correct answer and explain.
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69
B
PREY
zooplankton
PREDATOR
baleen
are eaten by
whales
Zooplankton are animals.
70
Case Two - Select the correct answer and
explain
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72
Microbes are
photosynthetic. This
means microbes are
plants. Plants are
Producers.
Flamingoes are animals.
Animals are consumers.
73
D. Most living things use energy from the Sun to
live and grow.
Plants that use the Sun's light for photosynthesis
depend most directly on the Sun. But if there
were no plants on planet Earth, then it is likely
that no animal life could survive either. This is
because animals use plants for energy. Even
animals that only consume other animals depend
on plants, since without plant life, no other
animals would be available for food.
Also, if the Sun stopped producing energy, the
Earth would be so cold that almost no life would
survive.
74
PCES
A deer tick is an insect that can attach to a human's skin and feed on its
blood to get energy. This does not typically kill the human or do it any
serious harm. A rabbit eats grass for its food energy.
Which of these is a way that the relationship between a deer tick and a
human is different from the relationship between a rabbit and grass?
A. A human is a producer, but grass is a consumer.
B. A deer tick is a parasite, but a rabbit is a consumer.
C. A rabbit is a parasite, but a deer tick is a consumer. A
D. A human is a predator, but grass is prey.
75
Which of these is a way that the
relationship between a deer tick and a
human is different from the relationship
between a rabbit and grass?
A. A human is a producer, but grass is a
consumer.
B. A deer tick is a parasite, but a rabbit is
a consumer.
C. A rabbit is a parasite, but a deer tick is
a consumer.
D. A human is a predator, but grass is
prey.
76
B
A deer tick is a parasite because it feeds
on its host (a human) without killing it.
For the deer tick to be benefited it needs
its host to be alive while it feeds on it.
A rabbit is an animal. It is a consumer.
Grass is a plant and is a producer.
Plants = producers
Animals = consumers
77
PCES
A tapeworm can attach itself to the
intestinal wall of a dog and live off of the
food that the dog eats. The tapeworm is
a _______, and the dog is the
tapeworm's _______.
A. carnivore; prey
B. producer; supplier
C. parasite; host
D. predator; prey
78
C
A tapeworm is a parasite that can
infect many host organisms,
including dogs.
Since the tapeworm needs a living
host in order to survive, this makes
it a parasite.
Parasites only feed on living
organisms, so they usually live on or
inside of their hosts.
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Journal Entry – Case One
Select the correct answer and explain.
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81
D
Mild temperature, some
suspended particles, and
water flow at medium speed is
not at the extreme ranges. It is
in the middle.
82
Case Two - Select the correct answer and
explain
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84
J
Species A is able to live in
zones I, II, and III.
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PCES
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87
88
89
90
B
White tailed deer eats 36%
shrubs and 20% weeds.
Goats that eat weeds and
shrubs will be competing
with the white tailed deer
for food.
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PCES
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93
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C
Frogs and snakes compete
for grasshoppers as a food
source.
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Grasshopper
prey
Grasshopper
prey
are eaten by
frogs
predator
snakes
are eaten by
predator
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Journal Entry – Case One
Select the correct answer and explain.
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98
H
The two species of
barnacles compete with
each other for resources.
Without species B,
population of species A
increases.
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Case Two - Select the correct answer and
explain
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101
102
J
Three of the four fish are in
temperature range 25 to 30 C.
At this temperature, there will
be more competition for
space.
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PCES
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105
106
107
G
Both species can sprout in
salt water and fresh water.
Species 2 can sprout in
higher salt concentration
than species 1.
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PCES
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110
111
C
Water is scarce. Eggs
and tadpoles develop
quickly in temporary
ponds that form after
the rain.
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Journal Entry – Case One
Select the correct answer and explain.
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114
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116
C
Plants and animals living
in saltier water conditions
will not survive. This will
decrease the biodiversity.
(Bio = life
Diversity = different life
foms – plants, animals)
117
Case Two - Select the correct answer and explain
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119
120
F
Since grass is available all
year round, the sheep will not
have to eat extra to survive the
winter. There will be a
decrease in their body size
121
All living things are made up
of cells.
Unicellular (Single-celled)organisms that are made up
of only one cell.
Multicellular- organisms
made up of many cells.
(Some have billions &
trillions of cells!)
Teacher Domain
 http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/
tdc02.sci.life.stru.singlecell/
Cells
Most basic part of a living system
“Cells are Building Blocks”
 Cells contain organelles
 Animal & Plant cells both contain:
 nucleus- command center of the cell
 cell membrane- protective outer layer
 cytoplasm- gelatin-like substance that fills inside of cell
(contains other organelles that are vital to the
processes of life)
 mitochondria- to provide power for cell activities
Only plant cells have cell walls for
support & chloroplasts to carry out
photosynthesis.
Animal
Cell
Plant
Cell
Contain 2
organelles that
animal cells do
not have:
*Chloroplastsuse sunlight &
CO2 to create
food for the
plant’s cells
*Cell wall- rigid
structure that
provides
protection and
support for
plant cell
Three Tab Venn Diagram
Both
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Systems work together to carry out
various life functions.
Example:
A track runner has different systems that
work together:
-Muscles move the arms & legs. This uses
up oxygen, which must be provided through
the bloodstream.
-The heart starts beating faster to move
more blood to the muscle cells that need
oxygen.
-As breathing rate increases, the lungs have
to take in oxygen & get rid of carbon dioxide
more quickly.
-The brain sends signals to the lungs, heart,
& muscles to coordinate all these activities.
Levels of Organization
Feedback
mechanism
A response of an organism to
a given change, such as
temperature or the amount of
light.
Example: Sweating
If the body temperature gets
too high, sweat glands open
up, causing a person to sweat.
The sweat then evaporates,
carrying heat energy away
from the body. This cools the
skin.
When the body temperature
returns to normal, another
nerve signal is sent out to
close the sweat glands.
Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems
When you breathe, cells in your lungs help move oxygen into your
bloodstream. Many of these cells together form an air sac, which is a
kind of lung tissue. These & other tissues together form a lung, which is
an organ. The mouth, nose, & trachea are other organs that work
together with the lungs to help you breathe. These are some of the
organs that make up the respiratory system. The respiratory system is
just one of the many organ systems in the whole human organism.
Systems in the Human Body
The human body includes systems such as:
Circulatory
Respiratory
Digestive
Excretory
Muscular
Skeletal
Nervous
Respiratory System
alveoli – air sacs
Journal Entry
Show What You Know.
When people run distances, their
muscles require increased amounts of
oxygen. Oxygen is carried to the
muscles.
Name the body system responsible for
carrying oxygen to the muscles.
Explain how this happens.
Journal Entry
Show What You Know.
Name the body system responsible for
carrying oxygen to the muscles.
Explain how this happens.
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
Journal Entry
Show What You Know.
The respiratory system is
responsible for carrying oxygen to
the muscles.
The oxygen that we breathe in is
carried by Red Blood Cells to
different cells in our body.
Human Body System Chart
The Digestive System
What is the function of this system?
The Digestive System
What is the function of this system?
The Digestive System
What is the function of this system?
to convert food into simpler
particles that can be absorbed into
the bloodstream and used by the
body
The Digestive System
List some organs found in this system.
The Digestive System
List some organs found in this system.
mouth
esophagus (food pipe)
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
The Digestive System
Explain how this system interacts with
another system.
The Digestive System
Explain how this system interacts with
another system.
with circulatory system:
from walls of small intestine (villi),
the digested food enters the blood
to be delivered to cells of the body
Circulatory
System
or
Cardio vascular
System
The Circulatory System
What is the function of this system?
The Circulatory System
What is the function of this system?
to deliver oxygenated blood to the
cells and organ systems in our
body
The Circulatory System
List some organs found in this system.
The Circulatory System
List some organs found in this system.
Heart
Blood vessels – arteries, veins,
capillaries
The Circulatory System
Explain how this system interacts with
another system.
The Circulatory System
Explain how this system interacts with
another system.
With respiratory system:
Red Blood Cells deliver O2 from
lungs to body cells, and then
drops off CO2 from body cells
to lungs
Human Respiratory System
Figure 10.1
The Respiratory System
What is the function of this system?
The Respiratory System
What is the function of this system?
to provide the body with a fresh
supply of oxygen and remove the
waste product carbon dioxide
The Respiratory System
List some organs found in this system.
Trachea (wind-pipe)
Lungs
The Respiratory System
Explain how this system interacts with
another system.
The Respiratory System
Explain how this system interacts with
another system.
With circulatory system:
Provides continous oxygen
supply to heart when you breathe
in with help of Red Blood Cells.
The Excretory System
What is the function of this system?
The Excretory System
What is the function of this system?
to rid the body of liquid wastes,
including excess water and salts
The Excretory System
List some organs found in this system.
The Excretory System
List some organs found in this system.
kidneys
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
The Excretory System
Explain how this system interacts with
another system.
The Excretory System
Explain how this system interacts with
another system.
with circulatory system:
filters liquid waste from the blood
with help of kidneys
The Nervous System
What is the function of this system?
The Nervous System
What is the function of this system?
to coordinate the body’s response to
changes in its internal and external
environment
The Nervous System
List some organs found in this system.
The Nervous System
List some organs found in this system.
brain
spinal cord
nerves
The Nervous System
Explain how this system interacts with
another system.
The Nervous System
Explain how this system interacts with
another system.
with all other body systems:
nerve cells coordinate activities
with all body systems
The Skeletal System
What is the function of this system?
The Skeletal System
What is the function of this system?
to provide structure and support to the
human body
{Bones are where new blood cells are
generated (in the marrow), and require the
mineral calcium for strength.}
The Skeletal System
List some organs found in this system.
The Skeletal System
List some organs found in this system.
femur (thigh bone)
sternum (breast bone)
cranium (skull)
vertebrae (back)
scalpula (shoulder)
The Skeletal System
Explain how this system interacts with
another system.
The Skeletal System
Explain how this system interacts with
another system.
with circulatory and respiratory
systems:
protects it’s organs
The Muscular System
What is the function of this system?
The Muscular System
What is the function of this system?
to give support, structure and help in
movement of the body
The Muscular System
List some organs found in this system.
The Muscular System
List some organs found in this system.
biceps
triceps
The Muscular System
Explain how this system interacts with
another system.
The Muscular System
Explain how this system interacts with
another system.
works with the skeletal and
nervous system to produce
movement
Other
Body Systems
Endocrine
Glands
Section 39-1
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus makes
hormones that control the
pituitary gland. In addition, it
makes hormones that are stored
in the pituitary gland.
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland produces
hormones that regulate many of the
other endocrine glands.
Parathyroid glands
These four glands release
parathyroid hormone, which
regulate the level of calcium
in the blood.
Thymus
During childhood, the thymus
releases thymosin, which
stimulates Tcell development.
Adrenal glands
The adrenal glands release
epinephrine and nonepinephrine,
which help the body deal with stress.
Pineal gland
The pineal gland releases melatonin, which
is involved in rhythmic activities, such as
daily sleep-wake cycles.
Thyroid
The thyroid produces thyroxine, which
regulates metabolism.
Pancreas
The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which
regulate the level of glucose in the blood.
Ovary
The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen is required for the development of secondary
sex characteristics and for the development of eggs.
Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.
Testis
The testes produce testosterone,
which is responsible for sperm
production and the development of
male secondary sex characteristics
Components of Human Immune
System
The Immune System is the
Third Line of Defense Against
Infection
Circulatory
system
 Arteries are tubes that
carry blood away from
the heart
 Veins are tubes that
return blood to the
heart
 Capillaries connect
arteries and veins.
They are tiny tubes
that exchange food,
oxygen and wastes
between blood and
body cells.
Respiratory
 BREATH IN -- your body gets oxygen from the air. Rib muscles
contract to pull ribs up and out. The DIAPHRAGM muscle
contracts to pull down the lungs. Tissue expands to suck in air.
 BREATH OUT -- you get rid of other gases that your body does
not need. Rib muscles relax. The Diaphragm muscle relaxes.
Tissue returns to resting position and forces air out.
Digestive
system
Breaks down and
absorbs food to
provide energy
for the body
Excretory
Gets rid of body wastes
and excess fluids
Muscles
 Muscle contracts to move bones and
body parts
 Muscles look either striated or smooth:
 Striated muscle has stripes or
striations in it.
 Smooth muscle does not.
Voluntary or Involuntary
Muscles
Voluntary muscles are muscles that you
can move whenever you want to.
Involuntary muscles contract and relax
automatically inside your body. We can not
control our involuntary muscles
Did you know?????
 There are more than 600 muscles in
your body
 That nearly 35-40% of your body
mass is muscle
 The smallest bones are in your ear.
The largest bone, the femur, is found
in your thigh
Skeletal system
Function of bones
 protect internal organs
 support the body
 make blood cells
 store minerals
 provide for muscle
attachment
Joints
 A point where one bone attaches to
another bone.
 There are two different types of joints in the
body:
Movable joints (like ball-and-socket,
hinge, gliding and pivot joints)
Immovable joints (like the bones of the
skull and pelvis) which allow little or no
movement
Integumentary System
 skin is the largest organ in
the body
 Two distinct layers occur
in the skin: the dermis and
epidermis.
 The integumentary system
has multiple roles in
homeostasis, including
protection, temperature
regulation, sensory
reception, biochemical
synthesis, and absorption.
Nervous system
collects, transfers and processes
information with brain, spinal cord,
peripheral nerves, and nerves
Systems
 A group of parts that form a complex
whole- work together to achieve goals
that the parts could not reach alone.
 Parts can interact, be related to one another,
or depend on each other.
Example:
Circulatory and
Respiratory systems
work together
Human Body Systems
Homeostasis
The body has ways of adjusting to different conditions.
Keeping conditions such as body temperature constant
is called equilibrium or homeostasis. Equilibrium
occurs when a system is balanced.
Adaptations
What if a change is too extreme & an organism can’t
maintain equilibrium? The organism may die!!
However, most organisms are adapted to the
environments where they live. Their body systems
& behaviors adjust or change to allow them to
survive in the new environment.
Extinction
The loss of an entire species is called extinction.
Example:
If an organism doesn’t have adaptations that allow
it to live in a colder climate, then it must move to a
warmer environment or it will die. This can affect
single organisms as well as whole populations.
Long Term & Short Term
Changes
 Migration: Organisms move from one
place to another-Long Term-if organism
move to another region permanently
because there was no food left & Short
Term migration-butterflies during winter
 Hibernation: Organism become inactive
during winter to conserve energy until the
food is available again.
 Dormancy: A period of inactivity or no
growth-Plants in winter
Genetic traits
Genes- a segment of DNA on a
chromosome that contains
information for specific genetic traits.
Genes are passed from parents to
offspring.
Genetic trait- a characteristic
passed on from a parent to offspring.
Genetic traits that help organisms to
survive in their environment are
called adaptations. Adaptations
can be either physical characteristics
or behaviors.
Reasons for Adaptation
How are genes passed
from parents to offspring?
During reproduction, the
parents’ genes in the sex
cells (egg & sperm) will
create the new organism.
This is called sexual
reproduction.
In sexual reproduction, both
parents pass the genes for
traits on to their offspring.
Half the genes come from the
male and half come from the
female.
Sexual reproduction results
in genetic diversity due to the
large number of gene
combinations that may occur.
Reproduction
Dichotomous Keys
 A dichotomous key is a tool that helps
identify organisms. A dichotomous key
consists of several pairs of statements.
Based on observations about an
organism, the user begins by choosing a
statement from the first pair. Each
statement leads either to the name of an
organism or to another pair of
statements. By working through several
pairs, you can identify an organism.
Dichotomous Keys
 1.
 a. Edge of wings black-Go to 2.
 b. Edge of wings not black-Go to 3.
2.
a.
b.
3.
a.
b.
Upper wing with black veins-Danaus plexippus
Upper wing without black veins-Danaus gillippus
Wings blue with white edges-Cupido comyntas
Wings black with white edges-Phocides palemon
Classification
 Autotroph: An organism that produces
its own food. EX: Plants, Algae,
Archaebacteria, Phytoplanktons
 Heterotroph: An organism that feeds on
other organisms. EX: Animals, Protista
(only protozoan), Fungi, Bacteria
Classification








Domain:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Classification
Classification
 The living things are grouped in to three
domains which are Archae (primitive,
unicellular, prokaryotic, some autotrophs
& some heterotrophs, some live in harsh
conditions); Bacteria (unicellular
prokaryotes, most are heterotrophs,
typical bacteria); & Eukarya
Ecosystem – includes the living & nonliving parts
of an environment.
Nonliving- water, soil, light, air
Living- plants, animals & other living organisms
(makes up the community)
Community – a group of different types
or populations or plants, animals, &
other organisms living & interacting with
one another in an environment.
Each population in a community lives in a
particular part of that environment called
a habitat.
As you move up the diagram,
each level is more complex.
A habitat is the specific place in which an
organism makes its home.
Each part of the community
has its own function, but
together they form the
entire pond ecosystem.
Organisms are connected by the energy that flows through the pond
community. Both plants & animals require energy.
This flow begins with the plants using energy from the sun and continues
through all the organisms in an ecosystem.
Plants change radiant energy from the sun
into chemical energy.
Carbon dioxide and water are converted into
sugar and oxygen.
(Sugar is very important in an ecosystem- it’s food for plants & for other
organisms. When plants are eaten, the energy in the plant matter is
passed on to other organisms in the food chain.)
Radiant Energy
Chemical Energy
TEK 7.5 A recognize that radiant energy
from the Sun is transformed into chemical
energy through the process of
photosynthesis
 Photosynthesis
 http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/
tdc02_vid_photosynth/
 http://vimeo.com/1616717
Chemical energy passes
from plants to animals
through a food chain
Producers- (plants) organisms that make
their own food
Primary consumers- animals that get their
energy from eating plants
Secondary (second-order) consumersanimals that eat primary consumer animals.
Animals can be both a
primary & secondary
consumer.
Types of
consumers
 Herbivores- animals that
eat only plants
 Carnivores- animals that
eat only other animals
 Omnivores- animals that
eat both plants & other
animals
Decomposers
Organisms that feed on dead
plants & animals. This
releases the chemical energy
and nutrients in the dead
plants and animals back into
the environment.
Decomposers play an
important role in recycling
nutrients & energy.
Food Chain- shows the flow of energy from
one organism to another to yet another.
Food Web
Energy
passes in
many
different
directions
through all
the
organisms.
A complex system of energy flow
through overlapping food chains.
Symbiotic Relationships
(close relationship between organisms)
 Producer-Consumer (Plant-make food &
Mouse-Eat food)
 Parasite-Host (Tick-Parasite get benefit &
Dog-Host get hurt)
 Mutualism (Clown fish-hides safely
protected by tentacles of anemone &
anemone-clown fish catches the food
 Commensalism (Shark-give ride no
benefit & Remora-get ride)
 Predator-Prey (Lion & Deer)
Succession
Rebuilding of populations in a
community or ecosystem that
has been changed.
Succession can happen in any
environment where change occurs.
Other examples: a plowed farm field, a
burned forest, or a grassland that
gradually receives less rainfall.
Succession
 Primary Succession: It can take place on
a newly formed volcanic island or in an
area newly exposed by a melting glacier.
 Pioneer species in primary succession
are Lichens & Mosses
 Secondary Succesion: It takes place
where organisms already live or it takes
place after an existing ecosystem has
been disturbed.
Ecological Succession
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWwe
0udewD8
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhYAr
qKVF9Q&feature=related