Transcript Physiology - Cloudfront.net

Physiology
• Human Physiology is the science of
the mechanical, physical, and
biochemical functions of normal
humans, their organs, and the cells of
which they are composed.
Level of Organization
• Cells group together in the body to form tissues .
• Tissue - a collection of similar cells that group
together to perform a specialized function.
• An organ is a structure that contains at least two
different types of tissue functioning together for a
common purpose.
• Organ systems are composed of two or more
different organs that work together to provide a
common function.
Organ Systems
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Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Digestive
Endocrine
Nervous
Respiratory
Circulatory
Excretory
Reproductive
Integumentary
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Integument – dermis (epidermis) skin
Includes hair and nails
Largest organ of the body
Made of layers of stacked cells
First piece of clothing (birthday suit)
Draw page 936 “The Skin”
Skin
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Functions
-protection against foreign invasion
-regulates body temperature
-helps body in elimination
-manufacturers oils and waxes to help
protect
Skin Facts
• Every minute 30,000 – 40,000 dead skin
cells fall off our body. (Dust)
• In one month, your body will have a whole
new layer of skin.
• An adult will have more than 20 square
feet of skin.
• You will shed about 40 lbs. of skin in your
lifetime.
Muscular System
• You have over 630
muscles in your body
• 40% of your weight is
muscle
• Your muscles move by
contracting and then
relaxing
Function
• The main role of the muscular system is to
provide movement.
• Muscles also control the movement of
materials through some organs, such as
the stomach and intestine, and the heart
and circulatory system.
Types of Muscles
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Three different types
of muscles
1. Smooth
2. Cardiac
3. Skeletal
Smooth Muscle
• This is the muscle found in your stomach
and bladder.
• Involuntary (you don’t control this muscle)
Cardiac Muscle
• Heart muscle
• Also involuntary
• Contract to pump blood out and relaxes to
let blood back in
Skeletal Muscle
• Voluntary muscles
that you control
• Together, the skeletal
muscles work with
your bones to give
your body power and
strength.
• Skeletal muscles are
held to the bones with
the help of tendons.
Factoids
• You have over 30 facial muscles which
create looks like surprise, happiness,
sadness, and frowning.
• Eye muscles are the busiest muscles in
the body. Scientists estimate they may
move more than 100,000 times a day!
• The largest muscle in the body is the
gluteus maximus muscle in the buttocks.
Which One Uses Steroids?
Skeletal System
• 206 Bones
• Over 300 bones when
you are born.
• Major Organs:
Bones, cartilage,
tendons and ligaments.
Function
• The main role of the skeletal system is to
provide support for the body, to protect
delicate internal organs and to provide
attachment sites for the organs.
Factoids
• 3 smallest bones in your body are in your
ear, (anvil, hammer, stirrup)
• The human hand has 27 bones; your face
has 14!
• The longest bone in your body? Your thigh
bone, the femur -- it's about 1/4 of your
height.
Bones
Digestive System
• The digestive system provides the body's
means of transforming food to
energy. Food first enters the digestive
system through the mouth, goes through
multiple organs, until they are transformed
into enzymes, glucose, and other nutrients
that the body can use.
Function
• The main role of the
digestive system is to
breakdown and
absorb nutrients that
are necessary for
growth and
maintenance.
Organs
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Mouth
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
-Small Intestines
-Large Intestines
-Appendix
-Rectum
-Anus
Mouth
• 1st stop includes teeth,
tongue, salivary glands.
• Saliva contains
digestive enzyme called
amylase which helps
breaks down food.
Esophagus
• Muscular tube that
connects your mouth to
your stomach.
• Food moves down by
“peristalsis,” involuntary
smooth muscle
contractions along the
walls.
Stomach
• Muscular, pouch-like
organ
• Lined with 3 layers of
involuntary smooth
muscles.
• Gastric juices help
break down food
called pepsin and
hyrdochloric acid.
Small Intestines
• Muscular tube about 6
meters long.
• Small because on 2.5 cm
in diameter.
• Food stays here for 3-5
hours.
• Villi are small projections
that line the small
intestines that help in
absorption.
Pancreas
• Soft flattened gland that secretes both
digestive enzymes and hormones.
Liver
• Large complex organ that produces bile.
• Bile is a chemical substance that helps
break down fat.
Gall Bladder
• Organ that stores the bile.
Large Intestines
• Large muscular organ
also known as the
colon.
• It is 1.5 meters long &
6.5 cm wide.
• Absorbs water forming
solid material.
• Also performs vitamin
synthesis which is later
aborbed.
Elimination of Waste
• After 18-24 hours, remaining indigestible
material, now called feces, reaches the
rectum.
• Rectum is last part of digestive system.
• Feces is released through the anus by
anal sphincter.
Factoids
• How long are your intestines? At least 25 feet in an
adult. Be glad you're not a full-grown horse -- their
coiled-up intestines are 89 feet long!
• Chewing food takes from 5-30 seconds
• Swallowing takes about 10 seconds
• Food sloshing in the stomach can last 3-4 hours
• It takes 3 hours for food to move through the intestine
• Food drying up and hanging out in the large intestine
can last 18 hours to 2 days!
• Americans eat about 700 million pounds of peanut
butter.
• Americans eat over 2 billion pounds of chocolate a
year.
• In your lifetime, your digestive system may handle
about 50 tons!!
Endocrine System
Function
• The main role of the endocrine system is
to relay chemical messages through the
body. In conjunction with the nervous
system, these chemical messages help
control physiological processes such as
nutrient absorption, growth, etc.
Organs
-pituitary gland
-thyroid
-parathyroid
-adrenal glands
-hypothalamus
-pancreas
-thymus
-testes &ovaries
Pituitary Gland
• “The Master Gland”
• The pituitary gland
secretes hormones
regulating homeostasis,
including trophic
hormones that stimulate
other endocrine glands. It
is functionally connected
to the hypothalamus by
the median eminence. It
also secretes hormones
for sexual eminence and
desires.
Parathyroid
• The parathyroid glands are small
endocrine glands in the neck, usually
located behind the thyroid gland, which
produce parathyroid hormone.
Adrenal Glands
• They are chiefly
responsible for regulating
the stress response
through the synthesis of
corticosteroids and
catecholamines, including
cortisol and adrenaline.
Hypothalamus
• The portion of the brain
that controls the pituitary
gland.
• Sends messages to the
pituitary which then
releases its chemicals or
stimulates other glands
to release theirs.
Pinneal Gland
• The pineal gland, is located in the middle
of the brain. It secretes melatonin a
hormone that may help regulate when you
sleep at night and when you wake in the
morning.
Pancreas
• The pancreas secretes
insulin, a hormone that
regulates glucose in take of
the cells. A deficiency in
this hormone results in
diabetes mellitus. Insulin
regulates the blood sugar
levels by stimulating cells to
take in glucose. It also
stimulates the synthesis of
protein and fat storage.
Thymus
• The thymus is an organ located in the
upper anterior portion of the chest cavity. It
is of central importance in the maturation
of T cells.
Testes & Ovaries
• The testis and ovaries secrete hormones
that are grouped into three major
categories: androgens, estrogens, and
progestins. All three are found in both
males and females, but each in varying
amounts.
Nervous System
Function
The nervous system is the master controlling
and communicating system of the body. Every
thought, action, and emotion reflects its
activity. The nervous system is by far the most
rapid acting and complex system of the
body. The cells of the nervous system
communicate by means of electrical signals,
which are rapid, specific, and usually cause
almost immediate responses.
Major Organs
• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves
Neurons
• Neurons are specialized cells for
transporting signals from location to
location.
• Pg. 973
• Pg. 982
Central Nervous System
• CNS (Brain & Spinal Cord)
• Coordinates all your body’s activities
Peripheral Nervous System
• PNS
• Made up of all nerves that carry messages
to and from the CNS.
• Somatic Nervous System
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Sympathetic Nervous System
• Parasympathetic Nervous
System
Somatic Nervous System
• Relays information to and from skin and
skeletal muscles.
Autonomic Nervous System
• Relays information to internal organs
Sympathetic Nervous System
• Controls organs in times of stress.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Controls organs when body is at rest.
Excretory System
Function
• Also known as the urinary system, the
primary function is to filter out cellular
wastes, toxins and excess water or
nutrients from the circulatory system.
Major Organs
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Kidneys
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
Kidneys
• Bean shaped
organs that filter out
wastes, water, &
salts from the blood.
Ureter
• Muscular ducts
that propel urine
from kidneys to
bladder.
Bladder
• Hollow muscular organ that stores urine
collected from kidneys.
Urethra
• Tube that connects the urinary bladder to
the outside.
Respiratory System
Function
• The main role of the respiratory system is
to provide gas exchange between the
blood and the environment. Primarily,
oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere
into the body and carbon dioxide is
expelled from the body.
Major Organs
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Nose/Nasal Cavity
Trachea
Lungs
Larynx
Pharynx
Alveoli
Diaphragm
Trachea
• windpipe, principal
tube that carries air
to and from the
lungs.
Lungs
• Two spongy, saclike respiratory
organs within the
chest which
remove carbon
dioxide from and
bring oxygen to the
blood.
Larynx
• The portion of the
breathing, or
respiratory, tract
containing the
vocal cords which
produce vocal
sound.
Pharynx
• The hollow tube
about 5 inches
long that starts
behind the nose
and ends at the
top of the trachea
(windpipe) and
esophagus
Alveoli
• The alveoli are
tiny air sacs
within the lungs
where the
exchange of
oxygen and
carbon dioxide
takes place.
Diaphragm
• The muscle that
separates the chest
(thoracic) cavity from
the abdomen.
• Contraction of the
diaphragm muscle
expands the lungs
during inspiration
when one is breathing
air in.
Circulatory System
Function
• The main role of the circulatory system is
to transport nutrients, gases (such as
oxygen and CO2), hormones and wastes
through the body.
Major Organs
• Heart
• Blood Vessels
• Blood
Heart
• The heart is divided
into four chambers:
the left and right
atria, and the left
and right
ventricle. There are
four valves of the
heart, which control
the blood flow.
Circulation
• Blood enters the heart in
the left atrium, from the
superior and inferior vena
cava. The superior vena
cava is the vein that
collects the blood
returning from the upper
body, and the inferior
vena cava returns blood
from the lower body.
Blood Vessels
• Arteries - carry blood away from the heart
at relatively high pressure.
• Veins - carry blood back to the heart at
relatively low pressure.
• Capillaries (smallest) - provide the link
between the arterial and venous blood
vessels.
Reproductive
Function
• The main role of the reproductive system
is to manufacture cells that allow
reproduction. In the male, sperm are
created to inseminate egg cells produced
in the female.
Major Organs
• Female - ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina
and mammary glands.
Male - testes, seminal vesicles and penis.
Ovaries
• An ovary is an egg-producing
reproductive organ found in female
organisms.
Oviducts
• Another name for
Fallopian Tubes.
• are two very fine tubes
leading from the
ovaries of female
mammals into the
uterus.
Uterus
• The uterus or womb
is the major female
reproductive organ of
most mammals,
including humans.
Vagina
• is the tubular tract leading from the uterus
to the exterior of the body in female
placental mammals
Mammary Glands
• Mammary glands are the organs that, in
the female mammal, produce milk for the
sustenance of the young.
Testes
• The male generative gland contained in
the scrotum. Produces sperm for
reproduction.
Seminal Vesicles
• are a pair of simple tubular glands that
ejaculates sperm into the woman.
Penis
-External male reproductive organ that
releases sperm into the vagina.