Transcript Respiratory System - walker2015

Respiratory System
Chapter 13
Upper Respiratory Tract
Lower Respiratory Tract
Nose
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Air enters the nose by passing through the
external nares or nostrils
The interior of the nose consists of the nasal
cavity, divided by a midline nasal septum
Nose
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Mucus lines the interior of the respiratory
tract
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Moistens the air
Traps incoming bacteria and other debris
Consists of water, salts, and glycoprotein (mucin)
Cilia helps move the contaminated mucus
towards the pharynx (throat) to be swallowed
and digested by stomach juices
Hair prevents some debris from entering the
trachea
Nose
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Cold temperatures cause cilia to become
sluggish, allowing mucus to accumulate in
the nasal cavity and to dribble outward
through the nostrils
Nose
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Conchae – the three uneven mucosa covered
lobes that consist of the nasal cavity
Superior
Nose
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The conchae traps and prevent inhaled
particles from reaching the lungs
Blood vessels in the nasal cavity warms the
surrounding air
Superior
Nose
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Palate – the structure that separates the
nasal cavity from the oral cavity
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Hard palate – supported by bone
Soft palate – not supported by bone; posterior
part
Nose
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Paranasal sinuses
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Lighten the skull
Act as resonance chambers (amplifies sound) for speech
Produce mucus which drains into the nasal cavities
Four sinuses
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Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary
Nose
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The suctioning effect created by nose
blowing helps to drain the sinuses
The nasolacrimal ducts, which drain tears
from the eyes, also empty into the nasal
cavities
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The Boy Who Cries Blood
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0e33gJfLT90
Pharynx
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The pharynx (throat) is a passageway for
food and air
The pharynx is divided into three regions
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Nasopharynx - the passage that connects the
nasal cavity to the top of the throat
Oropharynx –the part of the pharynx between the
soft palate and the epiglottis
Larynopharynx –the lowest portion of the pharynx;
near the larynx
Pharynx
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Tonsils – trap and remove any bacteria or
other pathogens entering the throat
Tonsillitis – a condition when tonsils become
congested with bacteria and become red,
swollen, and sore
Tonsil stones
Pharynx
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Three types of tonsils
 Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) – located
high in the nasopharynx
 Palatine tonsils – located in the oropharynx
at the end of the soft palate
 Lingual tonsils – located at the base of the
tongue
Pharyngeal
tonsil
Palatine
tonsil
Lingual
tonsil
Larynx
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Larynx – voice box
Thyroid cartilage – the
largest of the hyaline
cartilage (Adam’s
apple)
One theory of “Adam’s
apple”: Adam ate a piece
of the forbidden fruit that
got stuck in his throat
Larynx
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Epiglottis – protects the superior opening of
the larynx
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When food is swallowed, the larynx is pulled
upward and the epiglottis blocks the larynx
Food enters the esophagus and not the larynx
Breathing stops when swallowing occurs
Larynx
Larynx
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Vocal cords (or vocal folds) – part of the
mucous membrane of the larynx forms a pair
of folds
Glottis – the slit-like passageway between the
vocal cords
Glottis
Larynx
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Laryngeal Video·stro·bos·co·py
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Endoscopy performed with an intermittent
(occurring at irregular intervals) light at a
frequency that approximates the frequency of
movement of the object visualized so that it
appears to be motionless; useful in analyzing
vocal fold structure and motion.
Trachea
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Trachea – (windpipe) Lined with cilia
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The cilia propel contaminated mucus away from
the lungs to the throat where it can be swallowed
or spat out
The trachea is rigid because its walls are
reinforced with C-shaped rings of hyaline
cartilage
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The unprotected area of the trachea is adjacent to
the esophagus
Trachea
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Smoking inhibits ciliary activity and destroys
the cilia
Without these cilia, coughing is the only
means of preventing mucus from
accumulating in the lungs
Non-smoker
Smoker (10+ years)
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Heimlich maneuver
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Should ask for
permission before
performing on an
individual…
Primary Bronchi
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Primary bronchi – formed by the division of
the trachea
The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter,
and straighter than the left
The air is warm, cleansed of most impurities,
and well humidified when it reaches the
bronchi
Lungs
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Composition of lungs
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Primary bronchus
Secondary bronchus
Tertiary bronchus
Bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
Alveoli
Alveolus – air sac; gas exchange occurs here
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Oxygen and carbon dioxide undergo diffusion
The exterior of alveoli are covered with capillaries
Lungs
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Right lung
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Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
The right side is larger
than the left side
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Left lung
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Superior lobe
Inferior lobe
Cardiac notch - a
depression where the
heart sits
Apex – the narrow portion of the lung
Base – the broad portion of the lung
Apex
Cardiac notch
Base
Lungs
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Visceral pleura – the membrane that lies
against the lungs
Parietal pleura – the membrane that lines the
walls of the thoracic cavity
The membranes secrete pleural fluid which
reduces friction of the lungs and the thorax
wall during breathing
Mechanics of Breathing
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Ventilation
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Mechanical process of pulling air in and out using
muscles and pressure
Respiration
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Chemical inflation & deflation of lungs and cellular
respiration in each cell
Mechanics of Breathing
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Inspiration (or inhalation) – air flows into the
lungs
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The diaphragm contracts (moves down) allowing
air to enter the lungs
Expiration (or exhalation) – air leaves the
lungs
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The diaphragm relaxes (moves up) forcing air out
of the lungs