Transcript Introductions to the Kingdoms of Life

Introductions to the Kingdoms
of Life
Chapter 19
19.2 Advent of Multicellularity
 Half of the biomass on
Earth is unicellular
prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
 Colonies
– No communication or
coordination between cells
– Permanently associated
– Cell walls stick together or
form filaments
– Examples: Volvox and
Cyanobacteria
 Aggregations
– Temporary collection of cells
– Example: Plasmodial Slime
 Multicellular
– Composed of many cells that are permanently
associated
– Allows for increased size
 Remember: single cells cannot be large and survive
– Allows for specialization
 Movement
 Protection
 Reproduction
 Feeding
 Cells make-up Tissues which make-up Organs
which make-up Organ Systems
 Muscle cells make-up Muscle Tissue which
make-up Heart which makes-up part of
Circulatory System
Kingdom Eubacteria
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A.k.a. Bacteria
Prokaryotes
O.1 to 15 μm
Found practically
everywhere
 Cell wall contains
peptidoglycan
Kingdom Archaebacteria
 Prokaryotes
 More closely related to
eukaryotes than
bacteria
 No peptidoglycan in
cell wall
 Have introns in genes
Kingdom Protista
 Protists
 Most diverse kingdom
 Eukaryotes that are not fungi,
plants, or animals
 Many are unicellular
 All have cell membrane, some
have cell walls
 Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
 Many move
 Normally asexual reproduction
but may be sexually
Kingdom Fungi
 Most Multicellular
– Yeast are unicellular (only
unicellular eukaryote not a
protist)
 Chitin in cell wall
– Like shell of a crab
 Bodies have long strands of
cells called hyphae
 No movement
 No chlorophyll or
photosynthesis
 Heterotrophs but don’t
ingest, external digestion
Kingdom Plantae
 Plants
 Multicellular autotrophs
– Primary producers
– Release oxygen
– Cycle phosphorous, water, nitrogen, carbon
 Different cell types organized into tissues
 Vascular tissue
– Transport water and dissolved nutrients
 Cellulose in cell walls
 No movement
– May have motile sperm
– Spores and seeds allow for dispersal
 Everywhere except
extreme polar regions
and highest
mountaintops
 Very small Duckweed
Wolffia microscopica
(1mm) to extremely
large Giant Sequoia
Redwood Sequoia
sempervirens (90m)
 Nonvascular
– No vascular tissue
– Relatively small
– No real roots,
stems, or leaves
– Example: Mosses
 Vascular - Larger
and more complex
– Seedless
 Surfaces coated with
waxy covering
 Reproduce with
spores
 Haploid and diploid
phases
 Example: Ferns
– Seeds
 Non-flowering = Gymnosperms
– Seeds, no flowers
– Cones
– Examples: Pines and Spruces
 Flowering = Angiosperms
– Flowers
– Fruits disperse seeds
Kingdom Animalia
 Animals
– Multicellular heterotrophs (can’t make own food)
– No cell wall
– Mostly diploid phase
– Cells organized into tissues
– Zygotes develop through several stages
– Muscle tissues allow for quick movement
– Flight – unique to animals
– Reproduce sexually
– 99% are invertebrates (no backbone)
 Vertebrates have backbones
– 35 Phyla – most of these in sea
Different Phyla
 Sponges
– No tissues
– Specialized cells
 Cnidarians
– Mostly marine
– Jellyfish, Sea
Anemones, Corals
 Flatworms
– Flat ribbon-like
bodies
– Some are parasitic
 Roundworms
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A.k.a. Nematodes
Long, slender
Freeliving or parasitic
Heartworm,
elephantiasis,
hookworm
 Segmented Worms
– A.k.a. Annelids
– Water and soil
– Leeches, Earthworms,
Feather duster worms
 Mollusks
– Saclike cavity (coelom)
encloses internal
organs
– Aquatic and terrestrial
– Snails, Clams,
Octopuses
 Arthropods
– Most diverse and 2/3 of
all animal species
– External skeleton
– Jointed appendages
– High rate of
reproduction
– Crabs, Insects,
Arachnids
 Echinoderms
– “spiny skin”
– Can regenerate lost
limbs
– Sea stars, sea
cucumbers, sea
urchins, sand dollars
 Invertebrate Chordates
– No backbone
– Aquatic
– Swim or attached
 Vertebrates
– Internal skeleton of
bone
– Backbone protects
spinal cord
– Head has brain
enclosed in skull
– Mammals, fish, birds,
reptiles, and
amphibians
Essential Life Functions
 Transport – cells get what they need and remove
what they don’t
 Excretion – organisms remove waste and balance
fluids
 Regulation – body process control – hormones
and nervous system
 Respiration – get oxygen and remove carbon
dioxide
 Nutrition – break down and absorb food
 Synthesis – build necessary molecules
 Reproduction – how done
 Growth and Development – lifecycle
Unicellular Protists
Transport – Diffusion
Excretion – Diffusion
Regulation – Not Much
Respiration – Diffusion
Nutrition – Auto and heterotrophs
Reproduction – asexual mitosis and sexual
with zygospore
 Growth and Development – flagella, cilia,
pseudopodia
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Annelid Worms
Transport – closed system with hearts
Excretion – anus and nephridia
Regulation – simple brain with nerve cord
Respiration – diffusion through skin
Nutrition – heterotroph with digestive tract
Reproduction – Sexual hermaphrodites;
cocoons with eggs
 Growth and Development – segmented;
setae = bristles
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Insects
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Transport – open system with hearts
Excretion – Malphigian tubules
Regulation – Simple brains, eyes
Respiration – Trachea and Spiracles
Nutrition – Heterotrophs with digestive tract
Reproduction – Sexual
Growth and Development – Metamorphosis
(Chrysalis to pupa to adult)
Amphibians
 Transport – closed system with heart
 Excretion – cloaca
 Regulation – Brain and exothermic (cold
blooded)
 Respiration – lungs with skin diffusion
 Nutrition – Heterotrophs with digestive tract
 Reproduction – Sexual with external eggs
needing water
 Growth and Development – endoskeleton;
metamorphosis
Mammals
 Transport – 4 chambered closed heart
 Excretion – anus and kidneys
 Regulation – hair and endothermic; hormones and
nervous system; brain
 Respiration – lungs and a diaphragm
 Nutrition – heterotrophs that eat a large amount to
maintain body temp.
 Reproduction – sexual and internal fertilization
 Growth and Development – depend on mother;
mammary glands; some lay eggs, some have
pouch, some have internal development
Nonvascular Plants
Transport – diffusion
Excretion – diffusion
Regulation – cuticle resists drying out
Respiration – stomatas allow gas exchange
Nutrition – absorb nutrients and water from soil;
autotrophs
 Reproduction – require water; swimming sperm
 Growth and Development – spores
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Gymnosperms
 Transport – vascular system (xylem and
phloem)
 Excretion – stomata controls exchange
 Regulation – stomata controls exchange
 Respiration – stomata controls exchange
 Nutrition – water and soil; autotrophs
 Reproduction – seeds in cones
 Growth and Development – seed to adult
Angiosperms
 Transport – vascular system (xylem and
phloem)
 Excretion – stomata controls exchange
 Regulation – stomata controls exchange
 Respiration – stomata controls exchange
 Nutrition – water and soil; autotrophs
 Reproduction – pollen
 Growth and Development – flower to fruit to
seed