Transcript History and key figures Concepts

therapy
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
PRESENTED BY:
MANI RAFIEE
Treatments and Therapies
Biological treatments for psychological disorders
2. Psychotherapies
1.
Biological treatments for psychological disorders
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Psychosurgery
ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy)
Pharmacotherapy (psychotropic drugs)
Bio feedback
Herbal therapy
Psychosurgeries
 Lobotomy: Surgical operation in which white nerve
fibres connecting the frontal lobe with other parts of
the brain are severed .1950’s
 Cingulotomy: surgical
procedure in which
neurosurgeons make
lesions in the cingulate
gyrus, a section of the
brain connecting the
prefrontal cortex to the limbic system.
ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy)
 1940-60
 Todays for severe depression
 two electrodes are placed on the scalp and a
moderately intense electric current is passed
between them for about half a second.
Pharmacotherapy (psychotropic drugs)
 Anxiolytics – a treatment for anxiety disorders,
Benzodiazepine (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide,
alprazolam)
 Antidepressants –treatments for mood disorders
(tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase
inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs))
 Antipsychotics (chlorpromazine, haloperidol,
clozapine, risperidone)
The limits of drug therapy
Psychotherapies
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapies
Cognitive-Behavioral therapies
Humanistic therapies
Family, couple and group therapies
Integrative and eclectic therapies
Other common psychotherapies
Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapy
 Classical psychoanalysis
 Individual (Adlerian) psychotherapy
 Analytical (Jungian) psychology
 Object-relations therapy
 Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy
Classical psychoanalysis
History and
key figures
• Sigmund Freud
• 1890s
• Studies on
Hysteria
• Anna O.
• The
Interpretation
of Dreams
• psychosexual
phases
Concepts
• Oedipal desire
• Libido
• Defense
mechanisms
• Id, ego and
superego
• Unconscious
Technics
Goals and usage
• Free association • Psychosexual
• Dream
maturity via
interpretation
insight
• Transference
• strengthening
ego functions
Individual (Adlerian) psychotherapy
History and
key figures
• After world war
one
• Getting
separate of
Freud 1912
• Emphasizes free
will
• Phenomenologi
cal view
Concepts
Technics
• Holistic concept • empathy and
• Inferiority
relationships
feeling
• Subjective and
• Social interest
objective
• Community
interview
feelings
• Encouragement
• Life style
Interpretation
• Birth order
and recognition
• use of role
playing, guided
imagery and
narration and
reorientation
Usage and goals
• Establish a
relationship
between client
and community
• replace selfdefeating
behaviors for
ones that will
lead to a more
positive and
healthy lifestyle
Analytical (Jungian) psychology
History and
key figures
Concepts
Technics
• specialized in
psychiatry
• introduced
to Froude
in 1907
• the first
president of
the Internation
al Association of
Psychoanalysis
• Collective
unconscious
• Personal
unconscious
• Archetypes
• Anima/Animus
• persona
• shadow
• Dream analysis
• Word
associations
test
• Symbol
Analysis
• Active
Imagination
Usage and goals
• Individuation
Object-relations therapy
History and
key figures
• Otto kernberg
• Melanie Klein
• Klein
established her
theory at 1946
• Margaret
mahler
• Heinz kohut
• John bowlby
Concepts
• Internal object
• Self
• The Self in
Relation with
Others
Technics
transference
and
countertransfer
ence
• interpretation
of the
transference
•
Usage and
goals
• Self maturity
intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy
(ISTDP)
History and
key figures
• common roots
with classical
psychoanalysis
Concepts
• Similar to
classical
psychoanalysis
Technics
Usage and
goals
• active advocate • Treatment of
of change rather
emotional
than a neutral
disorders
observer as in
• resolve anxiety,
traditional
depression,
analysis
somatization
• encouragement
and personality
to feel
disorders
• challenge to
take
responsibility to
change
• confrontation of
resistance to
change
Cognitive-Behavioral therapies
 behavioral therapy
 Rational emotive behavior therapy
 Cognitive therapy
 Mindfullness based cognitive psychotherapy
 Acceptance and commitment therapy
behavioral therapy
History and
key figures
• Pavlov an dog
experiment in
1889
• Watson and
little albert
• Skinner and
operant
conditioning
Concepts
• Classical
Conditioning
• Operant
Conditioning
• Learning
• Modeling
• Reinforcement
Technics
Usage and
goals
• Relaxation
• Systematic
desensitization
• Counter
conditioning
• Exposure
• Treatment of
phobias
• behavioral modi
fication
Rational emotive behavior therapy
(REBT)
History and
key figures
• Albert Ellis in
1950’s
• one of the first
of the cognitive
behavior
therapies
• development
continued until
his death in
2007
Concepts
Technics
Usage and
Goals
A-B-C model
Activating event
Belief
Emotional
consequences
• Three insight
• Cognitive
restructuring
• D-E-F
• Disputing
• Effective
philosophy
• Feeling
• Thinking about
thinking
• Assignment
• Bibliotherapy
• Psycho
education
• Role playing
• Treatment
of self-blame ,
self-pity,
clinical anger,
hurt, guilt,
shame, depressi
on and anxiety
• Replacing
rational
cognitions with
dysfunctional
cognitions.
•
•
•
•
Cognitive therapy (CT)
History and
key figures
• Aaron T.Beck
• Beck outlined
his approach
in Depression:
Causes and
Treatment in
1967
• 1970s saw a
general
"cognitive
revolution" in
psychology
Concepts
• automatic
thoughts
• Cognitive
distortions
• Magnification
and
minimization
• Personalization
• Labeling and
mislabeling
• …
Technics
• Socratic
questioning
• Challenging
maladaptive
core belief
Usage and
goals
• change the way
clients think
• schema
restructuring
• Treatment of
depression and
many other
disorders with
strong
experimental
bases
Mindfullness based cognitive psychotherapy
(MBCT)
History and
key figures
• Base on
Buddhism
philosophy
• It uses CBT
methods
• Barnard and
Teasdale’s 1991
• Zindel Segal
and Mark
Williams,make
mindfulnessbased stress
reduction
program
Concepts
• Metacognitive
awareness
• judgment
• acceptance
Technics
• Meditation
• mind
management
skills
• being aware
moment-tomoment
Usage and
goals
preventing
the relapse of
MDD
• accepting and
observing
themselves
without
judgment
• teach the
participants to
focus less on
reacting to
incoming events
•
Acceptance and commitment therapy
(ACT)
History and
key figures
• Mixture
of acceptance a
nd mindfullness
with
commitment
and behaviorchange
strategies
• developed in
the late 1980s
by Steven C.
Hayes, Kelly G.
Wilson, and
Kirk Strosahl
Concepts
• Acceptance
• Values
• Cognitive
diffusion
• self-as-context
Technics
• Contact with
the present
moment
• Observing the
self
• Committed
actions
• finding values
Usage and
goals
increase
psychological
flexibility
• be present with
what life brings
us
• help the
individual
clarify their
personal values
and to take
action on them
•
Humanistic therapies
 Existential psychotherapy
 Logo therapy
 Gestalt psychotherapy
 person center psychotherapy
 Reality therapy
Existential psychotherapy
History and
key figures
• A Philosophical
/Intellectual
Approach to
Therapy
• Kierkegaard,
Nietzsche,
Husserl, Buber,
Tillich,
Heidegger
• Ervin yalom
• Rollo May
• Phenomenologi
cal view
Concepts
•
•
•
•
•
•
Free will
Responsibility
Death anxiety
Loneliness
Choice
Meaning of life
Technics
• person-toperson
relationship
• Respect and
faith in the
clients’
potential
• Sharing
reaction
Usage and
goals
• Taking
individual’s
responsibility to
make his or her
life meaningfu
Logo therapy
History and
key figures
Concepts
• Viktor Frankl
• Logo
• experience of
• Despair
being in
• maturity
concentration
was basis for his
theory
• Man’s Search
for Meaning
Technics
• Dereflection
• Humor
• Paradoxical
intention
• Socratic
dialogue
Usage and
goals
• Finding
meaning of life
and change
philosophical
view to world,
self and others
• Helping
Terminally-ill
patients
Gestalt psychotherapy
History and
key figures
Concepts
Technics
Usage and
goals
• Grounded in
existentialism
and
phenomenologi
cal philosophy
• Fritz
Perls, Laura
Perls and Paul
Goodman in the
1940s and
1950s
• Holism
• Field theory
• Organismic selfregulation
• Figure
Formation
Process
• The empty chair
technique
• Empathy
• Focusing on
Nonverbal
• Role-playing
• Group Work
• Experiments
• self-regulating
• Living in
present
moment
• Awareness
• Accept feelings
Person-center psychotherapy
History and
key figures
• Carl Rogers
• 1950s ClientCentered
• 1980s to 1990s
- PersonCentered
• Based on
Maslow and
existential
approach
Concepts
• Actualizing
tendency
• Need for
positive regard
• Choice and free
will
• Selfdetermination
Technics
• Nondirective
Counseling
• Unconditional
positive regard
• Congruence
• Accurate
empathic
understanding
Usage and
goals
• self-directed
growth
• Use in
counseling
Reality therapy
History and
key figures
• William Glasser
and Robert
Wubbolding
• Developed in
the 1950s and
1960s
Concepts
•
•
•
•
•
•
Choice theory
Belonging
Power
Freedom
Fun
Survival
Technics
Usage and
Goals
• Counseling
• Help people
environment
find better ways
• Specific
to meet their
procedures that
needs for
lead to behavior
survival, love
change
and belonging,
power, freedom
and fun
• Assist clients
gain personal
growth,
enhanced
lifestyle and
better decision
making
Family, couple and group therapies
 Group therapies
 Couple therapy
 Systematic family therapy
 Genogram
 Relation base family therapy
 Strategic family therapy
Integrative and eclectic therapies
 What is the difference between integrative and
eclectic therapies?
 Some example of integrative therapies:
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Existential-cognitive therapy
Daseinsanalysis
Cognitive-hypnotherapy
humanistic-experiential psychotherapy
Cognitive-analytic therapy
Other common psychotherapies
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Feministic psychotherapy
Post modern psychotherapy
Narrative psychotherapy
Transactional analysis
Hypnotherapy
Psychoeducation
Art therapies
12 step programs
Positive psychotherapy
DBT (Dialectical behavior therapy)
EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing)
EFT (Emotionally focused therapy )
Any questions?