Transcript Psychotherapy

PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION
Sixth Edition
by
Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
Chapter 15
Therapy
Paul J. Wellman
Texas A&M University
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Lecture Overview
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Elements of Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Cognitive Therapies
Humanistic Therapies
Behavior Therapies
Group and Family Therapies
Biomedical Therapies
Issues of Therapy
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Psychotherapy Goals
• Psychotherapy can provide relief to a client
for issues relating to:
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Myths of Psychotherapy
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There is one best therapy
Therapy simply does not work
Therapists can “read minds”
People who go to therapists are crazy
or just weak
• Only the rich can afford therapy
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Psychoanalysis
• Psychoanalysis, as devised by Freud,
involves techniques that move issues from
the unconscious to the conscious level for
resolution
• Therapy assumes that some issues may
relate to childhood experiences
– The ego serves to keep these issues below
the level of consciousness (defense
mechanisms)
– Catharsis is an emotional energy that is
released when early conflicts are relived
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Psychoanalytic Techniques
• Moving issues from the unconscious to
the conscious can be achieved through
– Free association: patient says whatever
comes to mind
– Dream analysis: Dreams express
unconscious issues
• Manifest content: the actual content of a dream
• Latent content: Freud argued that dreams
contain symbols that are disguised unconscious
issues or motives
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
– Resistance: Therapist looks for evidence
that the patient is avoiding an issue
– Transference: Does the patient treat the
therapist in ways that are similar to their
parents?
– Interpretation: Therapist provides analysis
of the meaning of the thoughts, behaviors,
and dreams of the patient
• Interpretation leads to understanding and
resolution of unconscious issues
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Cognitive Therapies
• Cognitive Therapy
– Assumes that problem behaviors and
emotions result from faulty thought
processes and beliefs
– Analyzes a person’s thought processes
– Attempts to restructure thought processes
• Changing thought patterns will in turn alter
problem behaviors and emotions
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Cognitive Therapy: Depression
• Beck argues that depression reflects
maladaptive thought processes
– Selective perception: Depressed person
focuses on negative events, while ignoring
positive life events
– Overgeneralization: Depressed persons draw
negative conclusions about their self-worth,
based on minimal data
– Magnification: Person magnifies the
significance of a negative event
– All-or-none thinking: Everything is good or bad
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Humanistic Therapy
• Rogers’s Client-Centered Approach
– Treats people as clients rather than patients
– Creates an atmosphere that emphasizes the
clients’ tendency toward health
– Therapeutic techniques include:
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Empathy
Unconditional positive regard
Genuineness
Active listening
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Behavior Therapies
• The focus of behavior therapies is the
use of learning techniques to change
behaviors
– Therapist determines frequency of
maladaptive and adaptive behaviors
– Learning techniques are used to alter
behaviors; these techniques include:
• Classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• Modeling
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Systematic Desensitization
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Behavior Therapy Techniques
• Classical conditioning:
– Aversion therapy pairs an aversive stimulus
with the unwanted behavior
• Operant Conditioning:
– Shaping new behaviors
– Punishment: making an aversive stimulus
contingent on the unwanted behavior
– Extinction: removing all rewards
• Modeling: client observes and imitates
appropriate behaviors
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Group Therapy
• Some approaches offer treatment to a
group of persons rather than to one client
• Advantages of group therapy:
– Economy: group therapy is less expensive
– Group support: there is comfort in knowing
that others have similar problems
– Feedback: group members learn from each
other
– Behavioral rehearsal: group members can
role-play the activities of the key persons in a
member’s life
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Drug Therapy
• Biomedical therapy may administer drugs to
improve abnormal behavior
• Drug classes include:
– Antianxiety drugs relieve muscle tension
– Antipsychotic drugs improve thought processes
• Act by blocking dopamine receptors
• Can have major adverse side effects
– Antidepressant drugs can reverse depression
• Tricyclics (block reuptake of serotonin)
• MAO inhibitors (prevent degradation of serotonin)
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Electroconvulsive Therapy
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can
alleviate profound depression
– Electrodes are used to pass electrical
current through one of the brain
hemispheres, thereby provoking a brain
seizure
• Anesthesia is given to minimize trauma
– ECT can lift depression
– How ECT lifts depression is unknown
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Psychosurgery
• Physicians have long recognized that the
brain is key to the control of behavior
– Trephining: the opening of the skull to release
evil spirits
– Roman times: sword wound of the head was
noted to relieve insanity
– 1940s: Moniz argued that the frontal lobes
could be changed to alleviate mental illness
• Lobotomy procedure cut fibers in the frontal lobes
• Problem: patients were calm after the procedure
but also had changed personality and drive
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Length of Therapy Matters
From Seligman, M.E.P. (1995)
Effectiveness of psychotherapy.
American Psychologist, 50, 965-974.
Reprinted by permission. Copyright
American Psychological Association.
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Therapy Cultural Universals
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Naming the problem
Qualities of the therapist
Establishing credibility
Placing the problem in a familiar
framework
• Applying techniques to bring relief
• A special time and place
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E
Copyright
Copyright 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
NY. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected
by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any
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including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage and retrieval system, without written permission
of the copyright owner.
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E