Transcript 3. Chapter 18: The New South and Trans-Mississippi West, 1870-1890

Week Two: The New South and
Trans-Mississippi West, 1870-1890
Outline & Main points
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“Incorporating the regions into the nation”
Conflicts over land, race, and labor
The “Southern Burden”
Life in the New South
Westward expansion & “the frontier”
Empire and wars for Indian land
Boom and bust
“The New South”
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A term used to reflect the belief that the end
of the Civil War would bring economic
prosperity, industrialization, and national
integration to the South
However, blacks and whites had different
hopes, and faced different realities, during
the years between 1877-1900
Industrialization
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Railroads
Steel mills
Agriculture
Textiles
Low national impact,
high regional impact
Connections to global
market
A Colony of the North
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External capital
Low wages
High debt
Extractive industries
Dependency
“carpetbaggers”
Southern Resistance
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The Grange
Southern Farmers Alliance
Populist Party
Race
Tom Watson
Collective resistance to
exploitation
Class consciousness
Race Relations
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Dominated life
White Backlash
Segregated facilities
“Race Rules”
Lynch Law
Ida B. Wells
Sharecropping (p.356-7)
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A system of land ownership and agricultural work
based on (racial) hierarchies.
Individual works a small piece of land owned by
someone else.
Gives a percentage of crop to owner
Saves and sells the remaining percentage
Sometimes purchases tools and seed on credit
Slowly goes into debt
Look at document, “A Sharecropper’s Story…”
Lynchings
Georgia, 1935
Teaching White Supremacy
Segregation
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Public Facilities
Railroads
“Disfranchisement”
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
Jim Crow Laws
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Poll taxes, secret ballot, literacy test, grandfather
clauses
Basis for “Jim Crow” South
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Minstrel shows
Stereotype
White Supremacy
Scientific Racism
Nostalgia for Civil
War & Old South
Convict Lease System
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Labor and race
Few Jails
Arrests
Leased to corporations
“Worse than slavery”
Reactions
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Exodusters
Community
W.E.B. DuBois
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“Talented 10th”
Full Equality
Booker T. Washington
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“Self-help”
Economics
Conclusions
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Theme of Expansion & Unification
Southern Economy
Black liberty and White Racism
The Civil War DID NOT end systematic racial
violence, racial segregation, economic
inequality, and political disfranchisement
These conditions persisted after the Second
World War
Westward Expansion
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The Traditional Narrative
Finding Opportunity
Becoming American
Land opportunity, freedom
Adventure
“The Frontier”
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What is it?
Manifest Destiny
“Civilization &
Savagery”
Lawlessness
Gunfights, Cowboys
and Indians
Pop Culture Images
Main Themes
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Post-Civil War
attention to the West
Connect the West to
the Union
Conquer Indians
American global
expansion
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US Army
Civilian population
Market economy
Expansion & Conflict
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Homestead Act, railroads, westward migration
Conflicts over land, treaties, water, trail routes,
misunderstandings, intentional violence, fear
Anglo settlers & militias typically initiated, Natives
retaliated, military arrived…
Warfare as tool of conquest
Army of the West in Department of War
1850s-1880s
Federal Indian Policy
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Sign treaties
Concentration onto
reservations
Land for railroads and
Anglo settlement
Education, allotment,
religion
Grant’s “Peace Policy”
Racial Violence in Colorado
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Sand Creek
Massacre,
1864
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Cheyenne
Arapaho Treaty
Gold
Chivington
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Navajo & Bosque
Redondo
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The Long Walk
Eastern NM, 1863
Ft. Sumner
Treaty, 1868
Preparing for the Long Walk
Bosque Redondo
Pioche
Peshlakai Ested
The Apache
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Small bands
Lived across Southwest,
West Texas, Chihuahua
Treaties
Lipan & Mescalero in El
Paso, Clint, Guadalupes
Geronimo & Campaigns
against the Apache,
1860s-1880s
Life on Reservations
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Prison-like setting
No hunting off
reservation
Religious
discrimination
Indian Agents
Corruption
Disease
Assimilation
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Land ownership
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Culture & Identity
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Dawes Act, 1887
Private property
Dissolve tribes
Individualism
Education
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Richard H. Pratt
Carlisle Indian School
Boarding Schools
Wovoka & the Ghost Dance
-Northern Paiute
-Visionary
-Revitalization
-Language, culture
-People under stress
-Resistance
The Ghost Dance
-Reaction to
assimilation
-Traditionalism
-Shirt-wearers
-Invincible
-Lakota & U.S.
military
Wounded Knee, 1890
-Winter, 1890
-Pine Ridge,
Rosebud
-Inexperienced
Agents
-White fears
-Military slaughter
-Over 150 Dead
Carrying bodies away…
“We Didn’t Cross the Border...”
Mexican…Americans
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
New taxes & laws discriminated against
Mexicans
Courts refused enforcement of Treaty
Property deeds not recognized
Land Grants ignored
Anti-Catholic codes
Economic disenfranchisement
Californios
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Over 200 families
Many sided with U.S.
By 1860, no civil rights, lost land
“Non-citizens” due to “Indian blood”
Over 15 million acres of ranch lands lost
after U.S. occupation by 1890s
Continued
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Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
Manuel Dominguez,
constitutional delegate and
landless by 1870s
Peralta Family
Nuevo Mexicanos
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Land Grant
communities
Economy & political
system changed
New laws, taxes,
language
Land loss and wage
labor
Las Gorras Blancas, 1890s
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Defense of Land Grants & Culture
Northern New Mexico
Communal Agriculture
Railroads, private property
Cutting fences, irrigation, burning farms
Chinese in the West
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Racially “different”
“Permanently foreign”
18,000 through Mexico and Canada
Mining & railroads
Laundries & small stores
Picture brides & marriages
Chinatowns and ethnic enclaves
Chinese in California
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Communities and provinces
½ of CA workforce
1900: 45% of Chinese in CA lived in S.F
No voting, public office, segregation
“Work too hard and tolerate too much”
“Caucasian League”
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1883
Japanese
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Many to & through Hawaii
Plantations, with Filipinos & Koreans
43% of Hawaiian pop, 1920
1900=140,000 U.S.
70% in California
40,000 agriculture
10,000 railroads
1908 “Gentleman’s Agreement”
Anti-Asian Sentiments
Conclusions from the Era
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Incorporating the Union
End of Reconstruction
Local race relations in the South
Race, labor, and power
Westward Expansion & Native Reactions
Cultural conflict
American Empire off the continent and
around the world