Transcript Civil war

CIVIL WAR
1860-1865
FORT SUMTER
 Lincoln’s Inauguration  Confederate soldier s begin
to take over federal cour ts, post of fices, and for ts
 Confederates demand For t Sumter or else attack
 Fort Sumter = important b/c location in Charleston Harbor
(SC)
 If Lincoln complies Confederates = legitimate nation… if
Lincoln defends the fort could be seen as hostile action
 April 4:
 Lincoln tells Davis he’s sending provisions  Davis says no
 If Davis accepts Lincoln’s “food for hungry men” and does
nothing then he loses legitimacy as a nation, but if he
attacks he ends peaceful secession and begins war.
 April 11:
 Confederates call on the Union to surrender Fort Sumter
 April 1 2:
 Confederates fire on Fort Sumter
 April 15:
 Lincoln calls upon the states to provide 75,000 volunteer
militia men
 April 19:
 Lincoln blockades Charleston harbor
PATRIOTIC FEVER
 After Ft. Sumter attack, more
states secede from the Union
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Virginia
Arkansas
Tennessee
North Carolina
 In Virginia, many people
supported the north…
 Unionists form West Virginia in
1863
 Other border states that have
slaves decide to stay with the
Union
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Delaware
Maryland
Kentucky
Missouri
CAPITALS
 Union
 Capital = Washington D.C.
 Confederacy
 Capital = Richmond, VA
 Only 107 Miles apart!
AVERAGE SOLDIER
2.75 million soldiers fought
White male, native-born, protestant
Average age = 26 years old
Majority served in the infantry (foot
soldier)
 Men on both sides inspired to fight by
patriotism, state pride, the chance for
adventure, steady pay
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NORTHERN VS. SOUTHERN SOLDIERS
Union
Confederate
Population of states: 22 million
Population of states: 9 million (4 million slaves)
2,128,948 soldiers
1,082,119 soldiers
1in 8 died of disease
1 in 5 died of disease
1 in 18 died in battle
1 in 8 died in battle
Fought to preserve the Union, eventually to
abolish slavery
Fought to defend his home
25% foreign-born soldiers
9% foreign-born soldiers
179,000 Black soldiers
3,000 Black soldiers
Rations = 22 oz. bread & 12 oz. pork /1 lb.
salted beef
Rations = 12 oz. bacon/20 oz. beef & 18 oz.
flour/20 oz. bread
Wages = $11  $16 a month
Wages = $11  $18 a month
FIRST MODERN WAR
 1 out of every 12 adults served
 620,000 men died (50% more than
WWII)
 Any injury to the head or stomach
was fatal
 Very few doctors….gangrene was
rampant
 50,000 survivors had limbs
amputated
 Soldiers have little knowledge of
fighting, supplies, and equipment
 Disease was the greatest threat
LIFE AND DEATH
Weapons technology

Rifled musket: killed more soldiers than
anything else, except disease
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
Created wounds that were difficult to treat
New types of militar y technology
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ironclad ships & submarines
canister bullets
repeating rifles
telegraph
observation balloons
trench warfare
Disease & Hygiene
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Diarrhea = greatest killer during the
Civil War
War had over 620,000 casualties 
more than 400,000 died of sickness and
disease
Make-shift hospitals
BATTLES OF THE CIVIL
WAR
RATIONALE BEHIND BATTLE LOCATION
1.
2.
Road Networks
Importance of the Area

3.
4.
5.
6.
Example: The area between Richmond, VA and Washington, DC
Railroad Networks
Waterways
Topography or Lay of the Land
Reliable Intelligence
WAR STRATEGIES
 Union: Anaconda Plan
 General Winfield Scott
1. Blockade Southern ports
2. Divide Confederacy in two in west
3. Capture Richmond, Confederate
capital
 Confederacy: Offensive-Defensive
Strategy
1. Focused on defending own territory
2. Attack Union territory if opportunity
presents itself
BULL RUN
July, 1861: Manassas, VA
(U): General Ir win McDowell
(C): P.T. Beauregard
Confusion caused two (U) ar tiller y batteries to stop firing and
(C) over whelmed (U) troops
 Major victor y for the (C), keeping (U) from Richmond
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CONSCRIPTION
 After Bull Run, (U) had 500,000 troops
 (C) had 400,000
 Conscription (Military Draft)
 Confederates Draft first
 All white, males aged 18-35 were declared
members of the army for 3 years
 Loopholes out of service
 1. Provide a substitute
 2. Working a good job
 State Legislator
 Planters
 March 1863
 Union also held a draft
 All white, males aged 20-45
 Draft riots in New York City
SHILOH
April 1862: Southwestern TN
(U): Gen. William Sherman & Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
Union losses first day of the surprise battle
Grant’s counterattack on the second day forced (C) troops to
retreat
 Bloody battle  marked beginning of “total war” for both
sides as well as the end of Southern control of the Mississippi
Valley
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ANTIETAM
September 1862: Sharpsburg, MD
(U): Gen. McClellan
(C): Gen. Robert E. Lee
(U) did not take advantage of Lee’s battle strategy plans (found
by Union soldiers in advance )
 (U) attacked successfully & drove the (C) to retreat
 Strategic victor y for (U)
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 But (U) gave up opportunity to finish the (C) forces once and for all by
not continuing the battle as the (C) retreated
 Union lost 2,180 men…10,000 wounded
 Confederates lost 10,000 men (1/4 of Lee’s Army)
 Lincoln is outraged by McClellan & failure to use Lee’s plan
 McClellan fired  Replacement = Ambrose Burnside
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
 Emancipation Proclamation: Sept 1862
 Issued after Antietam
 Didn’t free all slaves…
 Said that on January 1, 1863 the
government would liberate all slaves.
 Didn’t liberate the Border States or
slaves in the South controlled by the
Union.
 Emancipation discourages Britain from
supporting the South
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
 Reactions
 Proclamation has symbolic value,
gives war high moral purpose
 Free blacks welcome ability to fight
against slavery
 Northern Democrats claim it will
antagonize the South & prolong war
 Confederacy becomes more
determined to preserve way of life
 Compromise no longer possible; one
side must defeat the other
54 TH MASSACHUSETTS
 First military unit consisting of
black soldiers raised in the
North
 Emancipation Proclamation 
use of free black men as
soldiers
 Controversial/ lots of attention
 Black man's ability to fight in the
"white man's war.“
 Black leadership: could blacks be
officers?
 Commissioned officers =
white, enlisted men = black
 Black officers up to LT = noncommissioned, reached positions
by moving up the ranks
GETT YSBURG
 July 1:
 (C) enter Gettysburg looking for supplies.
 (U) encounters (C) troops north of Gettysburg
 July 2:
 (C) joins and attacks (U) from both sides.
 Fighting begins early in the morning near “little round top” hill
 July 3:
 (C) orders his troops to advance across the open ground
 They walk right into (U) fire
 July 4:
 With 1/3 of his Army gone, Lee (C) retreats in a driving thunderstorm
 Results 51 ,000 casualties at Gettysburg
 Killed, wounded, captured, and missing
 (U) casualties: 23,055
 (C) casualties: abt. 28,000
GETT YSBURG ADDRESS
 Nov 1863: Speech given during
ceremony to dedicate cemetery in
Gettysburg
 Fewer than 300 words
 Only 9 sentences
 Less than 3 minutes
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
KEY
REPEATED
WORDS
AND
CONCEPTS
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
KEY
REPEATED
WORDS
AND
CONCEPTS
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
KEY
REPEATED
WORDS
AND
CONCEPTS
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
KEY
REPEATED
WORDS
AND
CONCEPTS
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
KEY
REPEATED
WORDS
AND
CONCEPTS
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
KEY
REPEATED
WORDS
AND
CONCEPTS
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
KEY
REPEATED
WORDS
AND
CONCEPTS
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
KEY
REPEATED
WORDS
AND
CONCEPTS
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
KEY
REPEATED
WORDS
AND
CONCEPTS
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
LOCAL
FOCUS nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
LOCAL
FOCUS
NATIONAL
ISSUE
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
LOCAL
FOCUS
NATIONAL
ISSUE
GLOBAL
SCOPE
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
PAST continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
PAST continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
NEAR PAST nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
PAST continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
NEAR PAST nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
PRESENT to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
PAST
NEAR PAST
PRESENT
NEAR
FUTURE
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
PAST
NEAR PAST
PRESENT
NEAR
FUTURE
FUTURE
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
BIRTH &
LIFE
DEATH &
DYING
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion —that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
UNCER- nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
TAINTY endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
WHAT continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
OTHERS proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
DID
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
WHAT
OTHERS
DID
WHAT WE
MUST DO
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion— that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
END OF THE CIVIL WAR
18631865
VICKSBURG
July 4, 1863: Mississippi
(U): Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
(C): Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest
Af ter taking out smaller Confederate
forces, Grant (U) ordered a siege of
Vicksburg
 (C) eventually surrendered af ter
much suffering when their
reinforcements never arrived
 Major (U) victor y  demonstrated
Nor th’s ability to fight without
access to supplies & meant that
Mississippi now belonged to the
Union




SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA
 Nov -Dec 1864: Atlanta/Savannah GA
 (U): Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman
 Sherman marched his troops, burning, vandalizing, pillaging
and destroying as they went
 Sherman’s tactic of “total war” was mean to break the spirit
of the Confederacy
ELECTION OF 1864
 Lincoln is nominated by the
Republicans
 Support from “war” Democrats
 Running mate was Andrew
Johnson (Dem from TN)
 Democrats nominate General
George B. McClellan
 Ran on a platform labeling the
war a failure and called for
peace
 Lincoln thought he was going
to lose
 Sept, 1864
 Sherman takes Atlanta 
boosts Northern moral
 Inspires a rousing win for
Lincoln
LINCOLN CALLS FOR ABOLITION
 Constitutional amendment was necessary to ensure the end of
slavery = Thirteenth Amendment!
 Abolish slavery/involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a
crime
 Congress debates:
 Provisions to prevent discrimination against blacks?
 Election of 1864: Lincoln calls for the “utter and complete
destruction” of slavery
 Senate passed measure 1864, House passed in Jan 1865 
sent to the states for ratification
 GA ratified in Dec 1865  institution of slavery would no longer exist
in the USA
APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE
 News that (U) Sherman’s attacks
destroyed the South
 (U) Grant chases (C) Lee to a
village outside of Richmond
 Lee’s troops are out of food, water,
and other supplies
 Lee dons his dress uniform and
meets Grant to surrender
 Lee surrenders/Grant allows the
Confederates to keep their horses
and weapons.
ASSASSINATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
 Lincoln never received word that
Lee surrendered
 Actor, John Wilkes Booth
organizes a plot to kill Lincoln,
VP & Sec. of State
 April 14, 1865: Ford’s Theater in
Washington D.C.
 Lincoln w/ wife in a balcony seat
 Booth enters Lincoln’s box, Lincoln
shot in back of head
 Yells “ Sic Semper Tyrannis” 
“Death always unto tyrants”
 Booth dies several days later in a
shoot-out
 V.P. Andrew Johnson takes over
as President
EFFECTS OF WAR
 When Lincoln was assassinated, VP Johnson took over and
began the era of “Reconstruction”
 Goal of “Reconstruction” = Individual states would end up
joined together in a stronger union
 No longer would questions concerning secession or
nullification be argued by individual states
 Most importantly, the war of ficially ended slavery
RECONSTRUCTION
PLANS FOR RECONSTRUCTION
 Plan #1: 10% Plan (Lincoln)
 Was lenient/forgiving to Former Confederates
 Secession impossible  (C) states never really left the Union
 Pardon all Confederates (EXCEPT high ranking Confederate officials and
those accused of crimes against prisoners of war) who would swear
allegiance to the Union
 Designed to put the country back together ASAP
 Plan #2: Presidential Reconstruction (Johnson)
 Designed to be harsh towards former Confederates
 Readmitted to Union if swear allegiance to Union, ratify 13th
Amendment (abolished slavery), pay off Confederate war debts
 Nothing said about what will be done to former slaves
PLANS FOR RECONSTRUCTION
 Southern Congressmen return to govt.




58 had been part of the Confederacy
6 in the Confederate Cabinet
4 Confederate Generals
Johnson pardons them all  Congress is NOT happy
 WINNER! Plan #3: Congressional Reconstruction (Congress)
 Designed to be harsh towards former Confederates
 Designed to help out former slaves
 Set up support systems for former slaves
 Gave citizenship and voting rights to former slaves
CONGRESS’ REVENGE ON CONFEDERATES
 Congress enlarges Freedmen’s Bureau
 Helps former slaves /poor whites in South by providing food, clothing,
hospitals, schools, jobs, and teacher-training centers
 Congress passes Civil Rights Act of 1866
 Gave African Americans citizenship
 Forbade states from passing Black Codes
 Johnson VETOES the act  Congress overrides and act passes
 Congress drafts Fourteenth Amendment
 All persons born in USA = a citizen with the guarantee of equal
protection under the law
 Johnson: wants S. states to reject  All southern states reject (except
TN!)  not ratified until 1868
CONGRESS PROTECTS FORMER SLAVES
 Congress convinced something must
be done to protect former slaves
 Reconstruction Act of 1867:
 Congress did not recognize the pardoned
state govts
 Kick all those states back out
 Confederacy divided into 5 military
districts
 Controlled by a Union General/soldiers
 For state to reenter Union, state
Constitution must:
 ensure African Americans had the right to
vote
 Ratify the 14th amendment
 Johnson VETOS act  Congress and
moves forward
 Congress tries to get Johnson impeached
(no one voted for him anyway!)
REPUBLICANS FIGHT FOR BLACK VOTE
 Johnson does not run for reelection
 Republican Ulysses S. Grant wins 1868 Election
 500,000 Southern blacks vote  made a difference!
 Republicans introduce the Fifteenth Amendment:
 No one can be kept from voting because of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.
 Ratified in 1870  many southern states refused to enforce it and
resorted to violence and terror to keep blacks from voting
 Congress passed The Enforcement Act of 1870 :
 Increased power of fed govt to punish anyone trying to prevent blacks
from exercising their rights.