Transcript Most-Missed Questions

Students Who Failed Exam #1
3rd: 85.42 average
5 Failures
4 scores over 100
4th: 79.76 average
6 Failures
1 Perfect Score
5th: 84.80 average
3 Failures
2 scores over 100
6th: 78.14 average
4 Failures
1 score over 100 & overall highest score (109)
Current Class Failures:
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5th (cont.):
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6th:
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Most-Missed Questions
Which of the following is an example of
commensalism:
A goat fish sifting through sand, finding, then eating
small crustaceans
b) A clownfish living inside of an anemone
c) An aquatic flea living off of a pigmy seahorse
d) A pigmy seahorse using camouflage to hide within a
coral
a)
Most-Missed Questions
Salt will move into & out of the bloodstream of fish
through the process of:
Osmosis
b) Diffusion
c) Osmotic pressure
d) Consumption
a)
Most-Missed Questions
All of the following will occur when temperature is
decreased within an aquatic system, EXCEPT:
There will be less thermal energy available
b) The concentration of oxygen will increase
c) The metabolism of the cold-blooded organisms will
decrease
d) The concentration of TAN will increase
a)
Most-Missed Questions
If an aquatic system is suffering due to a massive
increase in ammonia, all of the following will help
lower the ammonia to a safe level EXCEPT:
Removing aquatic plants
b) Adding aquatic plants
c) Stimulating more algae growth
d) Reducing the amount of food going into the system
a)
Most-Missed Questions
Which of the following change would help increase
the rate at which a sick fish takes in medication:
Decreasing the temperature of the tank
b) Increasing the temperature of the tank
c) Decreasing the pH of the tank
d) Increasing the pH of the tank
a)
Exam Advice
If you did poorly on the exam, consider the
following:
That will be, by far, the easiest exam in this class
You should study the quizzes
You should be actively engaged in the quizzes, not
simply waiting to hear an answer to enter
You should complete your exam review (all the terms
you need are on the review, its bonus credit, and the
completed review is posted online days before the exam)
History of Oceanography Project
Get in a group of 3 or fewer
Look over the available topics & choose a few that
you would like to present
Your names will be randomized & then, in that
order, you will get to pick your topic.
Please mark which topic is yours, it is your
responsibility to remember the topic.
This is due on Friday.
The Marine Habitats
Essentials of Oceanography
The diversity of marine life
The ocean is home to a wide variety of
organisms
Marine organisms range from microscopic
bacteria and algae to the largest animal in
the world (blue whale)
Number of known marine species: 250,000
Classification of living things
Organisms can
be classified into
one of three
domains of life:
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Figure 12-1
Classification of living things
Organisms can
also be classified
into one of five
kingdoms:
Monera
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Figure 12-1
Classification of living things
Taxonomic classification includes the
following increasingly specific groupings:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Taxonomic classification of
selected organisms
Category
Human
Killer whale
Giant kelp
Kingdom
Phylum
Subphylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Animalia
Chordata
Vertebrata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
Animalia
Chordata
Vertebrata
Mammalia
Cetacea
Delphinidae
Orcinus
orca
Protoctista
Phaeophyta
Phaeophycae
Laminariales
Lessoniaceae
Macrocystis
pyrifera
Classification of marine
organisms
Marine organisms can be classified into
one of three groups based on habitat and
mobility:
1.
Plankton (floaters)
Phytoplankton (drifting plants and algae)
Zooplankton (drifting animals)
Nekton (swimmers)
3. Benthos (bottom dwellers)
2.
Plankton: Examples
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Figure 12-2
Nekton: Examples
Figure 12-4
Benthos: Examples
Figure 12-5
Life cycle of a squid
Squid experience
benthic, planktonic, and
nektonic stages
Squid are considered
meroplankton
(opposite =
holoplankton)
“mero” – part
“holo” - whole
Figure 12-3
Distribution of species on Earth
The land has more
species because it has
greater environmental
variability than the ocean
Most ocean species are
benthic because of greater
environmental variability
compared to pelagic
environments
Figure 12-6
Adaptations of organisms to the
marine environment
The marine environment presents many challenges
to organisms because seawater:
Is dense enough to support organisms
Has high viscosity
Experiences variations in temperature and salinity
Contains variable amounts of dissolved gases
Has high transparency
Has a dramatic change of pressure with depth
Marine organisms have various adaptations for the
conditions of the marine environment
Need for physical support
Condition:
Seawater is dense enough to support marine
organisms
Adaptations:
Many marine organisms lack rigid skeletons,
appendages, or vast root systems
Instead, they rely on buoyancy and friction to
maintain their position within the water column
Need for physical support
Seawater’s viscosity controlled
by temperature
Condition:
Seawater’s viscosity (resistance to flow) is
strongly affected by temperature
Cold water has higher viscosity than warm
water, so is more difficult to swim through
Warm water has lower viscosity, so organisms
tend to sink within the water column
Seawater’s viscosity controlled
by temperature
Adaptations:
Many warmwater organisms
have ornate
appendages to
say afloat
Many cold-water
organisms are
streamlined to
swim more easily
Warm-water
copepod
Cold-water
copepod
Figure 12-7
Warm-water
copepod
Cold-water
copepod
Bellwork: 09/17/2012
1) You are investigating plankton found in a bay near your
fancy expensive house, and you notice that the plankton have
many appendages branching from the main body of the
organism. From this, you can conclude what about the water
in the bay? For what reason would the plankton have these
appendages?
Bellwork: 09/17/2012
2) What percentage of total known species are aquatic? What
percentage of that percentage are Benthic? Pelagic? Why do
you think that is the case?
3) If you are “new” to my class you probably still owe me a
ton of work from the first unit that you missed. Don’t forget
to get that done: consolaquatc.com
Seawater’s viscosity and
adaptations of phytoplankton
Condition:
Phytoplankton must remain in
sunlit surface waters
Adaptations:
Small size increases surface
area to volume ratio
Appendages increase
frictional resistance
Tiny droplet of low density
oil increases buoyancy
Figure 12-8
Variations in temperature
Condition:
Coastal water temperatures vary more than the
open ocean or at depth
Adaptations:
Many coastal organisms can withstand a wide
temperature range (are eurythermal, “broad”)
Most open ocean and deep-water organisms can
withstand only a small temperature range (are
stenothermal, “narrow”)
Variations in salinity
Condition:
Coastal environments experience greater salinity
variation than the open ocean or at depth
Adaptations:
Many shallow-water coastal organisms can
withstand a wide salinity range (are euryhaline)
Most open ocean and deep-water organisms can
withstand only a small change in salinity (are
stenohaline). “steno” = narrow range
Osmosis
Condition:
Osmosis is the movement
of water molecules
through a semipermeable
membrane from higher to
lower concentrations
Osmosis removes water
from hypotonic organisms
Osmosis adds water to
hypertonic organisms
Figure 12-13
Osmosis
Adaptations:
Dissolved gases: Oxygen
Condition:
Marine animals need
oxygen to survive
Adaptations:
Many marine animals
use gills to extract
dissolved oxygen from
seawater
Marine mammals must
breathe air
Figure 12-15
Abundance of dissolved oxygen
and nutrients with depth
Figure 12-20
Seawater’s high transparency
Condition:
Camouflage
Seawater has high
transparency
Adaptations:
Transparency
Camouflage
Countershading
Migration (DSL)
Countershading
Figure 12-17
Seawater’s high transparency
Camouflage
Seawater’s high transparency
Camouflage
Seawater’s high transparency
Camouflage
Seawater’s high transparency
Camouflage
Seawater’s high transparency
Countershading
Hachet fish & Chromatophores
Chromatophores
The deep scattering layer (DSL)
Organisms
within the deep
scattering layer
undertake a
daily migration
to hide in deep,
darker waters
during daytime
Figure 12B
Increase of pressure with depth
Condition:
Pressure increases rapidly with depth
Adaptations:
Most marine organisms lack large compressible
air pockets inside their bodies
Water-filled bodies exert the same amount of
pressure as is pushing inward, so marine
organisms do not feel the high pressure at depth
Divisions of the marine environment
Main
divisions:
Pelagic
(open sea)
Benthic
(sea
bottom)
Figure 12-19
By yourself:
1. Draw or describe a made up organism that can be found
in the following zones:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Euphotic
Disphotic
Aphotic
Hadal
2. At least one must be benthic.
3. The following characteristics/strategies must be included:
DSL, counter shading, chromatophores, camouflage,
euro/stenothermal, euro/stenohaline, meroplanktonic.
End of 3-weeks, Current Failures:
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Collect the following data:
Salt Water Tanks Only:
- Water Hardness
DO
Turbidity
Nitrate
Nitrite
Ammonia
pH
Temperature
- Phosphate
- Salinity
- Calcium
In groups of no more than 3:
1. List the common name of 4 benthic organisms
within the classroom
2. List the common names of 3 organisms using
camouflage & describe the camouflage.
3. When a fish is stressed it will often lose its color
(bleaching) or become very dark to blend into the
background. The cells responsible for this action
are called ___________.
In groups of no more than 3:
4. Using a microscope:
• Create a sample from solution A
• Observe the specimen under the ideal magnification & draw the
organism.
• Is this sample phytoplankton or zooplankton? Living in warm
water or cold water? Explain.
• Repeat the steps with sample B
5. Using a microscope:
• Observe & draw the following samples under an ideal
magnification: Planaria, Sea Urchin development, Marine
Diatoms, Volvox, Spirogyra
• Label each sample as: nektonic, planktonic, or benthic. Explain
your reasoning.