Transcript Photo Album - Fullfrontalanatomy.com

This first chapter is filled with many new words and definitions which you will need to learn to
move forward in this class. You need to know everything in this chapter!
There are also decks of flashcards at:
http://quizlet.com/30503565/anatomy-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/2657474/anatomy-and-physiology-chapter-1-planes-and-sections-of-the-body-flash-cards/
Surface Anatomy:
http://quizlet.com/25241927/anatomy-chapter-1-flash-cards/
Body Cavities: http://quizlet.com/2657570/anatomy-and-physiology-chapter-1-body-cavities-and-serous-membranes-flash-cards/
Objectives for Chapter 1
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Understand levels of organization: molecular/chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system,
organismal
Learn the names, location and function of the 11 organ systems: integumentary, skeletal,
muscular, cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, urinary, endocrine, lymphatic, reproductive and
respiratory
Learn the following terms: anterior/ventral, posterior/dorsal, medial/lateral, superior/rostral or
cephalic,inferior/caudal, distal/proximal superficial/deep, visceral/parietal
Explain the meaning of homeostasis: the continual process of adjusting physiologic processes
to maintain a livable environment for the cells.
Learn what is meant by “the internal environment”: all of the parameters such at temperature,
mineral content, organic compound content, pH, etc of the extracellular fluid
Why is it necessary to have metabolic processes?: metabolism is the sum total of all chemical
reactions occurring continuously(anabolism-building, catabolism-breaking down) within cells
which define it as being alive. ie: movement, division, utilizing energy etc.
Understand the planes and sections: sagittal, midsagittal, median, frontal/coronal,
transverse/horizontal
Know the anatomical terms for the common regions of the body
Identify the body cavities and which organs/organ systems are contained within each
Know the imaging techniques used in anatomical and clinical studies
Know the levels of studying anatomy: gross, surface anatomy, microscopic anatomy
Be able to define the borders and content of the mediastinum: laterally-R and L lungs,
superiorly – thoracic inlet, inferiorly – diaphragm, anteriorly – sternum, posteriorly – spinal
column. Contents: inferiorly, heart. Superiorly – esophagus, trachea, great vessels of the
heart, autonomic nerves and lymphatic vessels.
Definitions
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Anatomy – the study of the structures of an organism
Cytology – the study of the structure and function of cells
Histology – The branch of science that studies groups of cells and how they
work together
Gross anatomy – structures which may be seen by an unaided eye
Systemic anatomy – the study of anatomy by systems
Regional anatomy – the study of anatomy by area (this is how it’s studies in
medical school) superficial and deep structures
Developmental Anatomy – study of the anatomy of the developing organism
from conception to fully grown
Embryology – fertilization to third month of a fetus
Comparative anatomy – compares different animals. Used for study of
evolution
Radiographic anatomy – study of anatomy using x-ray, MRI, PET Scans etc.
Cross-sectional anatomy – using “slices” to study structure
Physiology – the study of the functions, (chemistry) of cells, tissues, organs
and organ systems
Organs are anatomical
units with related
functions, are formed by
two or more organs, are
interdependent and can
be studied without a
microscope
Support, protection of soft tissues,
mineral storage, and blood cell
formation
Directing immediate responses to
stimuli, usually by coordinating the
activities of other organ systems
elimination of unnecessary or
potentially harmful materials from
the body
Anatomical
Position/Axial/Appendicular
Know all of these
terms!
Know all of these terms.
coronal
The plane is different
from the “section” of that
plane. “section” is one
specific “slice” made by
a plane (as in the
pictures) to look at
specific structures
median
horizontal
Figure 1.12 Sectional Planes and Visualization
Figure 1.13cd Body Cavities
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity
Diaphragm
Peritoneal
cavity
Pelvic
cavity
Anterior view of the
ventral body cavity
and its subdivisions
Sternum
Heart in
pericardial
cavity
Pleural cavity
Right
lung
Left
lung
Pleura
Right
lung
Mediastinum
Spinal cord
Sectional view of the thoracic cavity. Unless otherwise
noted, all sectional views are presented in inferior
view. (See Clinical Note on pp. 22–23 for more details.)
Left
lung
Clinical Note 1.1 Clinical Anatomy and Technology (Part 2 of 8)
Stomach
Liver
Aorta
Right kidney
Vertebra
Spleen
Left kidney
The relative position and orientation of the scans shown to the right.
Clinical Note 1.1 Clinical Anatomy and Technology (Part 3 of 8)
Stomach
Liver
Aorta
Rib
Left kidney
Vertebra
CT scan of the abdomen
Spleen
Name that plane!
Know all of these
and the organs
contained in each
Liver, gall bladder, stomach, intestines, spleen,
kidneys and pancreas
Boundaries: between the ilia superiorly, pelvic floor inferiorly
The Mediastinum
The mediastinum is a very special
area in the body as it contains
extremely vital organs. Any injury to
this area is usually fatal.
You should know the boundaries and
contents:
Boundaries:
Superior: thoracic inlet (1st rib)
Inferior: diaphragm
Lateral: lungs
Anterior: ribs and sternum
Posterior: spinal column, ribs
Contents: inferiorly: anteriorly – heart
Inferiorly/posteriorly – aorta,
esophagus
Superiorly: aorta, superior vena cava,
esophagus, trachea, thymus
Other Cavities
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Oral – mouth
Nasal (nose)
Orbital (eyes)
Middle ear ( hearing apparatus)
Synovial cavities in freely moveable joints
Abdominal Divisions
Learn the 4 quadrant system and which organs lie in each
Abdominal Regions
Mid-clavicular
Learn the “regions”: they are more detailed than quadrants
Figure 1.12a, b
The body has several linings called serosa or serous
linings. These have two layers: the parietal layer is the
superficial layer which lies over the visceral layer which is
continuous with the surface of the organ which it
surrounds. Between the layers is a serous fluid for friction
reduction. It does NOT line the internal surface of hollow
organs!
Know all of
these!
Imaging to view internal anatomy
• X-ray – to view bones, tumors and gas
• CT – bone, blood vessels and soft tissue. Useful in
trauma.
• Angiography – view of blood vessels with use of contrast
dye
• PET – positron emission tomography: tracks
radioisotopes to visualize areas of high metabolic activity
such as tumors and cancers
• Sonography – use of sonar to image fetuses or organs
• MRI – Magnetic resonance imaging. Uses strong
magnetic fields and radio waves producing high-contrast
images. Useful to visualize structures surrounded by
bone such as nerves and joints.
This is a horizontal
section!
This is an
angiogram
This is a sonogram which shows fluid filled cavities well like this and cysts
MRI is used to show soft tissues very clearly
Homework
• Name the 12 systems and their functions and include
their contribution to homeostasis.
• Name the directional terms and definitions
• Begin with the sole of the foot (plantar surface) and
move superiorward naming any structure that you know.
ie: the ankle is proximal to the plantar surface, the
patella (knee cap) is proximal to the ankle etc. Don’t
forget superficial and deep
• When you get to the inguinal ligament (either side of the
perineum), name external structures from the perineum
to the top of the head using the template x is superior to
y.
Homework
• Name the major cavities and all of the minor
cavities which lie within the major cavities.
Name the contents of the cavities and the
boundaries of the cavities.
• What are serous membranes? Name the serous
membranes and their contents. What is the
function of the serous membranes?
• Using an outline supplied on the website, draw
in all of the surface landmarks in the slides
above
• Name the quadrants and the contents of each
Homework
• Name the 9 regions and the contents of
each
• Name the planes (both names) and their
purposes
• Name other disciplines of anatomy
Organ systems: matching
a) Receives food, digests it into nutrient molecules which
can enter cells of the body.
b) Produce sex cells, creates a new person.
c) Support to body, produce blood cells, protect soft organs
d) Exchanges gasses from body to external environment
e) Rids body of excess nitrogen & waste products, regulates
fluid levels
f) Secretes hormones, involved in many functions of body
g) Carries blood to all areas of body
h) Immunity, keeps fluid balanced.
i) Senses the environment, integrates information
j) Moves body, facial expression, produce body heat
k) Covers & protects body, regulate body temp, make Vit.D
Embryology
• Watch this
• Then this