Transcript Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology of Sports

Introduction to Anatomy
& Physiology of Sports
The Human Body – An Orientation:
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
ANATOMY – study of the structure
and shape of the body and its parts
PHYSIOLOGY – study of how the
body and its parts work or function
Anatomy – levels of study:
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Gross anatomy
• Large structures
• easily observable
Anatomy – levels of study:

Microscopic anatomy
• Very small
• can only be viewed with a microscope
Levels of structural organization:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Chemical level (atoms and
molecules)
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organism level
Levels of structural organization
Necessary Life Functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Maintain boundaries
Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion
Breakdown and delivery of nutrients
Metabolism
Production of energy
Making body structures
Excretion
Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
Reproduction
Production of future generations
Growth
Increasing cell size and number
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Survival Needs
Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbo’s, lipids, proteins, vitamins,
and minerals
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Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions
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Water
60 – 80% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reactions
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Stable body temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Homeostasis
 Maintenance of a stable internal environment
= a dynamic state of equilibrium
 Homeostasis must be maintained for normal
body functioning and to sustain life
 Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in
homeostasis resulting in disease
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview of Homeostasis
Figure 1.4
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Language of Anatomy
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Special terminology is used to
prevent misunderstanding
Exact terminology is used for
1.
2.
3.
4.
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures
ORGAN SYSTEMS
OVERVIEW
The Skeletal System
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Protects and supports
Provides muscle
attachment
Blood cell
formation
Stores minerals
The Muscular System
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Locomotion
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Posture
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Produces heat
The Nervous System
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Fast-acting control
system
Responds to internal
and
external change
Activates muscles
and
glands
Cardiovascular System
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Transports materials
via blood pumped by
heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes
The Respiratory System
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Supplies blood
with oxygen
Removes carbon
dioxide
The Digestive System
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Digestion
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Nutrient absorption
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Eliminates
indigestible material
Body Planes
Planes of
the Body
Median Plane
(mid-sagittal)
Cuts into right
and left sides
Planes of
the Body
Frontal Plane
(coronal)
Cuts into front
and back sections
Planes of
the Body
Transverse
Plane
Cuts into top
and bottom
sections
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
Ventral Cavities:
(anterior or front)
•Thoracic cavity
holds the heart and
lungs
Abdominopelvic
divides into:
•Abdominal cavity
•holds the digestive
organs
•Pelvic cavity
•holds the
reproductive organs
Body Cavities
Dorsal Cavities:
(Posterior or back)
•Cranial cavity
holds the brain
•Spinal cavity
holds the spinal cord
Anatomical Position
Feet together
Arms to the side
Head eyes and palms
of the hands facing
forward
The thumb is a lateral
structure, not an
anterior one
Anatomical position
ensures consistency in
conversation and
explanations.
Orientation of the Body
Superior (cranial or
cephalad)
 Toward the head end
or upper part of a
structure or the body;
above.
Inferior (caudal)
 Away from the head
end or toward the
lower part of a
structure or the body;
below
Anterior and Posterior
Anterior (ventral)
 Toward or at the
front of the body:
in front of
Posterior (dorsal)
 Toward or at the
backside of the
body: behind
Medial and Lateral
Medial
 Toward or at the
midline of the
body: on the inner
side of
Lateral
 Away from the mid
line of the body:
on the outer side
of
Proximal and Distal
Proximal
 Close to the origin of
the body part or the
point of attachment of
a limb to the body
trunk
Distal
 Farther from the
origin of the body part
or the point of
attachment of a limb
to the body trunk