Transcript Planetary Exploration slides

Planetary
Exploration
Mariner
Planetary Exploration
The Mariner spacecraft
were the first American
interplanetary explorers
consisting of a series of
dissimilar spacecraft
designed to survey the
terrestrial planets Venus
and Mars
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Important mission were
paired to provide
redundancy for costly
deep-space flights
Planetary Exploration
The paired missions, 1/2, 3/4, 6/7 and 8/9 were launched
approximately one month between pair members
– The solo Mariner missions were 5 and 10
– All were flyby missions except for 8 and 9
Venus explorers
Mars explorers
Single missions
Dual missions
1, 2, 5, 10 (flyby to Mercury)
3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9
5, 10
1/2, 3/4, 6/7, 8/9
Planetary Exploration
Mariner spacecraft
Planetary Exploration
Mariner 1
Mariner 1 was the first
U.S. interplanetary
mission that was to
survey Venus survey
spacecraft
Launched unsuccessfully
on an Atlas - Agena B
launcher July 22, 1962
Planetary Exploration
Mariner 2
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Mariner 2, the second
Venus surveyor, was the
first successful
interplanetary probe
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Launch was on an Atlas
Agena B August 27, 1962
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Passed 34,762 Km from
Venus on 14 December,
1962 during a 109 day
flight
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Same systems as Mariner 1
Planetary Exploration
Mariner 3 - Mars surveyor
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The Mariner-Mars mission
objectives were to study
surface and atmosphere of
Mars, measure the
interplanetary space
environment and obtain
scientific and engineering
experience in longduration flights in space
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Mariner 3 was launched on
an Atlas Agena D two stage
launch system 5
November, 1964
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Communications lost since
shroud failed to deploy
Planetary Exploration
Mariner 4
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The second Mars surveyor,
launched on an Atlas
Agena D 28 November,
1964
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Mars encounter was on 14
July 1965, passing 9844
km from surface
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Similar systems as Mariner
3, returning 22 pictures as
planned on a 228 day flight
Planetary Exploration
Mariner 5
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A modified Mariner 4
spacecraft used in a
Venus surveyor
mission
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Launched 14 June,
1967 on an Atlas
Agena D SLV-3
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Venus encounter on
19 October, 1967,
passing 4,000 Km
from Venus on a 127
day flight
Planetary Exploration
Mariner 6
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Mariner 6 and 7 were
also Mars surveyor
mission spacecraft
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Mariner 6 was
launched on an Atlas
Centaur launch on 24
February, 1969
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Mars encounter was
on 31 July, 1969
passing within 3,100
km of surface
Planetary Exploration
Mariner 7
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The same spacecraft and mission as Mariner 6 with
launch on 27 March, 1969, and Mars encounter on 5
August 1969
Mariner 8
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Mars surveyor launched 8 May, 1971 on an Atlas
Centaur, was destroyed on launch due to an instability
in flight
Planetary Exploration
Mariner 9
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Mars surveyor orbiter was launched
on an Atlas Centaur on
30 May, 1971 with the
Mars encounter on 13
November, 1971
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The mission included
349 days in Mars orbit
and was the first
spacecraft to orbit
another planet
Planetary Exploration
Mariner 10
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Mariner 10 was a
unique and important
Venus and Mercury
surveyor project that
was to be the only
U.S. spacecraft to
encounter Mercury
until MESSENGER
launched in 2005
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Mariner 10 was
launched on an Atlas
Centaur SLV-3D/D1-A
on 3 November, 1973
Planetary Exploration
Mariner 10
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Venus encounter was on 5 February,
1974, Mercury encounter was on 29
March, 1974
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Mariner 10 was placed in permanent
heliocentric orbit 24 March, 1975
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First and only spacecraft to explore
Mercury (until MESSENGER)
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First spacecraft to use gravity assist
propulsion (Venus)
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First spacecraft to use solar pressure
to alter orbit, adding two additional
Mercury encounters
Pioneer
Planetary Exploration
The Pioneer spacecraft series,
which began with lunar
exploration missions, also
included the Pioneer Venus
spacecraft which flew
missions to Venus as an
orbiter and multiple
descent probes
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Atmospheric and surface
measurements were make
and relayed to Earth
through the Orbiter
spacecraft
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Pioneer missions also
included the Jovian mission
Pioneers 10 and 11
Planetary Exploration
The early Pioneer series were
launched to explore the Earth
environment and the Moon,
but were all unsuccessful
These early lunar Pioneers
included:
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Pioneer 0
Pioneer 1
Pioneer 2
Pioneer 3
Pioneer 4
P-2
P-3
P-30
P-31
Planetary Exploration
Pioneer Venus 1
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Pioneer Venus spacecraft
included an atmospheric probe
and an orbiter
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Pioneer Venus 1 was an
orbiter launched from Atlas
Centaur on 20 May, 1978 and
arrived 4 December, 1978
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Radar images of surface
provided the first high
resolution data on the
Venusian surface, although
Earth-based radar mapped
very large features including
large mountains and the
largest valleys
Planetary Exploration
Pioneer Venus 2
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The second Pioneer
Venus spacecraft, the
Multiprobe, was
launched on 8 August,
1978, arriving on 9
December, 1978
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The multiprobe made
measurements of the
atmosphere and clouds
as it descended through
the dense gas
atmosphere on 9
December, 1978, then
relayed surface values
after impact
Planetary Exploration
Pioneer Venus 2
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This was the only surface
landing on Venus by the U.S.
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Of the four probes and
transporter bus, one probe
survived impact and returned
data for 67 minutes
Viking
Planetary Exploration
Viking
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Viking 1 and 2 were modified Mariner spacecraft used
for Mars landers and orbiters; the landers to soft-land on
Mars and search for the presence of life
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The orbiter was to assist the lander to Mars and relay
signal transmissions, to survey selected landing sites,
to relay data to Earth and conduct orbital experiments
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The lander was to search for possibility of life on
surface and determine surface and atmosphere
conditions
Planetary Exploration
Viking 1
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Orbiter + Lander
launched on Titan IIIECentaur system on August
20, 1975, arriving on 19
June, 1976
Experiments included:
 Orbiter Imaging
 Infrared Thermal Mapper
(IRTM)
 Orbiter Radio Science
 Mars Atmospheric Water
Detector (MAWD)
Planetary Exploration
Viking 2
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Orbiter + Lander
launched September 9,
1975 on same launch
system as Viking 1,
with arrival on 7
August, 1976
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Orbiter spacecraft main
structure had to be
enlarged and
propulsion system
thrust increased to
allow Mars orbit
insertion
Planetary Exploration
Viking Lander biology
experiments and
results:
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1. Pyrolytic (heat) release
- Radioactive carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide,
and water were added to
soil sample to see if
metabolism occurred negative results.
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2. Labeled release Radioactive carbon
solutions added to soil
samples – negative
results
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3. Gas exchange - The
"chicken soup"
experiment that added
radioactive nutrients to
soil samples – negative
results
Magellan
Planetary Exploration
Magellan
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The Magellan spacecraft
project was originally called
the Venus Radar Mapper
since the objective was to
image and measure the
Venusian surface with a
synthetic aperture radar
system
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Magellan was launched from
STS 30 (Atlantis) on May 4,
1989, arriving at Venus on
August 10, 1990
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Radar mapping began 15
September, 1990 and was
terminated October 12, 1994
Planetary Exploration
Magellan’s radar images
covered
approximately 98%
of the Venusian
surface that excluded
the polar caps
The Magellan spacecraft
was sent into the
atmosphere of Venus
on October 12, 1994
to avoid being a
future collisional
hazard
Planetary Exploration - Mars
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Past/current missions Launch schedule Objective
Notes
U.S. Mars Global Surveyor 7 November 1996 Orbiter
Success
U.S. Mars Pathfinder
4 December 1996 Lander / rover
Success
U.S. 2001 Mars Odyssey 7 April 2001
Orbiter
Success
ESA Mars Express
2 June 2003
Orbiter
Success
U.S. MER-A Spirit
10 June 2003
Rover
Success
U.S. MER-B Opportunity 7 July 2003
Rover
Success
U.S. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 12 August 2005 Orbiter
Success
U.S. Phoenix
4 August 2007
Lander
Success
U.S. Dawn
27 September 2007 Gravity assist to Vesta
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Future missions Launch schedule Objective
Russia Phobos-Grunt
2012
Orbiter, lander, sample return
China Yinghuo-1
2012
Orbiter
U.S. MSL Curiosity
15 September 2011 Rover
Finland MetNet
2011–2019
Multi-lander network
Canada Northern Light 2012
Lander / rover
U.S. MAVEN
2013
Orbiter Part of the Mars Scout Program
India Mars mission
Between 2013-2015[19] Orbiter
U.S. ARES (martian rocketplane) Possibly by 2016 Aircraft Search for life on Mars
ESA and U.S. ExoMars 2016
Orbiter, static lander 2018
ESA and U.S. Mars sample return mission Possible
Planetary Exploration - Venus
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Venera 4 - 12 June 1967 - Venus probe
Mariner 5 - 14 June 1967 - Venus flyby
Venera 5 - 5 January 1969 - Venus probe
Venera 6 - 10 January 1969 - Venus probe
Venera 7 - 17 August 1970 - Venus lander
Venera 8 - 27 March 1972 - Venus probe
Mariner 10 - 4 November 1973 - Venus/Mercury flybys
Venera 9 - 8 June 1975 - Venus orbiter and lander
Venera 10 - 14 June 1975 - Venus orbiter and lander
Pioneer Venus 1 - 20 May 1978 - Venus orbiter
Pioneer Venus 2 - 8 August 1978 - Venus probes
Venera 11 - 9 September 1978 - Venus orbiter and lander
Venera 12 - 14 September 1978 - Venus orbiter and lander
Venera 13 - 30 October 1981 - Venus orbiter and lander
Venera 14 - 4 November 1981 - Venus orbiter and lander
Venera 15 - 2 June 1983 - Venus orbiter
Venera 16 - 7 June 1983 - Venus orbiter
Vega 1 - 15 December 1984 - Venus flyby and comet Halley flyby
Vega 2 - 21 December 1984 - Venus flyby and comet Halley flyby
Magellan - 4 May 1989 - Venus orbiter
Venus Express - 09 November 2005 - ESA Venus orbiter
Planet-C - 2010 - ISAS Venus orbiter
Planetary Exploration - Moon
Following the U.S. Apollo and Soviet lunar exploration programs that
ended in the 1970s came follow-on international lunar exploration
missions
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Japan Hiten - Jan 24, 1990 - Flyby and orbiter
U.S. Clementine - Jan 25, 1994 – Lunar orbiter
U.S. AsiaSat 3/HGS-1 - Dec 24, 1997 - Lunar flyby
U.S. Lunar Prospector - Jan 7, 1998 – Lunar orbiter
ESA SMART 1 - Sep 27, 2003 - Lunar orbiter
Japan Kaguya (SELENE) - Sep 14, 2007 - Lunar orbiter
China Chang'e 1 - Oct 24, 2007 - Lunar orbiter
India Chandrayaan-1 - Oct 22, 2008 - Lunar orbiter
U.S. Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and LCROSS - June 17, 2009 Lunar orbiter and impactor
China Chang'e 2 - October 2010 - Lunar orbiter
U.S. Gravity Recovery And Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) - September
2011 - Lunar orbiter
U.S. Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) March 2013 - Lunar orbiter
Jovian Planets
Planetary Exploration
The Pioneer 10 and 11 duo was
developed and flown to:
 Explore the interplanetary medium
beyond the orbit of Mars
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Investigate the nature of the
asteroid belt from the scientific
standpoint and assess the belt's
possible hazard to missions to the
outer planets
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Explore the environment of Jupiter
Planetary Exploration
Jovian planet exploration has been accomplished
by American spacecraft almost exclusively, with
several international contributions for several
spacecraft
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Jovian planet exploration began with the Pioneer
10/11 vehicles which were based on the earlier
Mariner design
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Both pioneer 10 and 11 targeted Jupiter, with
Pioneer 11 given a gravity assist on a flyby of
Jupiter
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Pioneer 10 (Pioneer F)
– Launched March 2, 1972 on an Atlas/Centaur
along with its sister ship Pioneer 11
Planetary Exploration
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Pioneer 11 (Pioneer G)
– Launched April 6, 1972 on an Atlas/Centaur
along with its sister ship Pioneer 11
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Also targeted for a flyby of Jupiter, and then on
to Saturn for measurements of Saturn, its
environment, and its moons
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Radio contact lost with Pioneer 11 in 1995 after
22 years of flight operations, and with Pioneer 10
in 2002 after 30 years of operation
Planetary Exploration
The Voyager 1 and 2 duo followed
the Pioneer dual spacecraft mission
with expanded objectives
Following the flyby of Jupiter and
Saturn, Voyager was sent on an
interstellar mission to measure the
interplanetary environment
surrounding our Sun and the region
beyond – the interstellar
environment of our galaxy
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Voyager 1 launched September 5,
1977 on a Titan III/Centaur
booster
Planetary Exploration
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Voyager 2
– Launched August 20, 1977 on a Titan
III/Centaur before its sister ship Voyager 1
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Voyager was directed on a 22-year mission to fly
by all of the Jovian planets, then on an
interstellar mission that began 22 years ago
– Flyby of Neptune was in October 1989
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Voyager is the only spacecraft to visit Uranus and
Neptune
Planetary Exploration
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Voyager 2 is still returning data from the distant
regions of the Sun’s magnetic and particle
influence known as the heliosphere
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Distance to Voyager 2 is approximately 95 AU as
of 2011
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Power for communications is expected to last
until approximately 2025
– Lifetime is limited by the power output of the
radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG)
power supply that decreases with time as the
heat source reduces in heat output with time
Planetary Exploration
Galileo
Galileo was the first dedicated
orbiter mission to the Jovian
planets
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Galileo was launched on a Jupiter
exploration mission from Space
Shuttle Atlantis on October 18,
1989
A Venus-Earth-Earth gravity
assist (VEEGA) took Galileo to its
target in December, 1989
 A descent probe was released to
measure Jupiter’s upper
atmosphere and relay data
through the Galileo spacecraft
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Planetary Exploration
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Galileo was commanded to burn up in Jupiter’s
atmosphere in September 2003 to avoid an
accidental collision with one of the Jovian moons
and the possibility of contamination
Planetary Exploration
Cassini
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Cassini was the second dedicated Jovian explorer
send to observe Saturn, its environment, and its
moons
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Cassini was launched on October 15, 1997 on a
Titan IVB/Centaur booster with a gravity assist
from a Venus-Venus-Earth series, then Jupiter
enroute to Saturn
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Orbit entry at Saturn in July 2004
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Release of the Titan probe name Huygens was in
December 2004 for atmospheric measurements
and a soft landing
Planetary Exploration
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Cassini continues to orbit Saturn
and return data on Saturn and
its moons, including the
mysterious Titan - the only
moon with a dense atmosphere
Mercury
Planetary Exploration
Mariner 10
Mariner
10 was the only spacecraft sent to explore
Mercury until the launch of Messenger in 2004
Mariner
10 launch December 3, 1973 on aa
Atlas/Centaur booster
After
a Venus gravity assist, Mariner arrived at
Mercury for its first encounter on March 1974,
followed by two other flybys and a permanent
heliocentric orbit
Planetary Exploration
MESSENGER
MESSENGER
(MErcury Surface, Space
ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging) is an
orbiter spacecraft designed to explore the solar and
Mercury environment in permanent orbit around
the planet
MESSENGER
was launched August 3, 2004 on a
Delta II booster
After
Venus and Earth gravity assists and three
close flyby’s of Mercury, MESSENGER entered orbit
around Mercury on March 18, 2011
Questions?