Transcript 1800–1870 - Davis School District

CHAPTER 25 Land Empires in
the Age of Imperialism
1800–1870
The Ottoman Empire
Egypt and the Napoleonic Example,
1798–1840
In 1798, Napoleon invades Egypt
 He defeates the Mamluk forces
 Fifteen months later Napoleon returned to
France and made himself emperor

in 1801, his Generals agreed to withdraw.
 Muhammad Ali emerged as the leader
 Muhammad Ali used many French
practices in effort to build up the new
Egyptian state

Muhammad Ali
He established schools to improve military
 In the 1830s his son Ibrahim invaded
Syria and starts reforms there
 European military pressure forced
Muhammad Ali to withdraw in 1841 to the
present day borders of Egypt and Israel

Westernizing schools
Ottoman Reform and the European
Model, 1807-1853
At the end of the eighteenth century
Sultan Selim III introduced reforms for
military, the central government, to
standardize taxation, and grant land
tenure.
 These reforms aroused the opposition of
Janissaries, noblemen, and the ulama

Tension between the Sultanate and the
Janissaries sparked a Janissary revolt in
Serbia in 1805.
 Serbian peasants helped to defeat the
Janissary uprising and went on to make
Serbia independent of the Ottoman
Empire

Selim suspended his reform program in
1806
 In Istanbul, Selim was captured and
executed before reform forces could
retake the capital


The Greeks gained independence from the
Ottoman Empire in 1829.
Crimean War, the Combatants
Russian Empire:
700,000 troops
 Bulgarian legion:
7000 troops

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Ottoman Empire:
300,000 troops
British Empire:
250,000 troops
French Empire:
400,000 troops
Kingdom of SardiniaPiedmont: 30,000
troops
Total: 980,000 troops
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire: “Sick Man of
Europe”
Outbreak of war
1849: Louis Napoleon elected President of
France
 1851: Louis made himself Napoleon III
 1852: France seized control of the Holy
Places
 2 July 1853: Russian forces occupied
Wallachia and Moldova
 3 October 1853: Encouraged by British
and French, Sultan Abdülmecid I declared
war on Russia.


January 1853: Nicholas to British
Ambassador Seymour: “We have a sick
man on our hands, a man gravely ill, it will
be a great misfortune if one of these days
he slips through our hands, especially
before the necessary arrangements are
made.”
Crimean War
March 28, 1854:
Britain and France
declared war on
Russia
 Crimean Peninsula
 Sevastopol

Map of Crimean War, 1853-1856
Battle of Sinope (November 30, 1853)
shell-firing artillery guns
Battle of Sinope
(3000 Ottoman soldiers killed)
Battle of Balaklava (October 1854)
Charge of the Light Brigade
Lord Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892; poem 1880)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzCOL
6ewpPw
Florence Nightingale
(1820-1910)
November 1854: Nightingale and
nurses arrived at Scutari
Endgame
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March 2, 1855: Nicholas I died
Alexander II vowed change
Armistice signed on 29 February
1856
Treaty of Paris 30 March 1856:
Death toll
Europeans/ Ottomans:
 374,600 total dead
 Turks: total dead and
wounded: 200,000 est.
total dead est. 50,000
 French: 100,000, of which
10,240 killed in action;
20,000 died of wounds; ca
70,000 died of disease
 British: 2,755 killed in
action; 2,019 died of
wounds; 16,323 died of
disease
 Sardinians-Italians:
2,050 died from all causes
Russians:
 (estimates vary):
 High: ca 522,000 killed,
wounded and died of
disease
 Medium: 256,000 killed,
wounded and died of
disease, of which dead
60,000 to 110,000
 Low: ca 143,000 dead and
81,000 injured, of which
25,000 killed in action;
16,000 died of wounds;
89,000 died of disease
The Russian Empire
Russia and Europe
In 1700 three percent of Russia lived in
cities
 Russia was slow to acquire a modern
infrastructure and transportation
 While Russia aspired to Western-style
economic development, fear of political
change prevented real progress

Russia had more in common with Europe
than the Ottoman Empire
 Slavophiles (intellectuals) and
Westernizers debated the proper course
for Russian development
 Europe was counterbalanced by a
powerful sense of Russophobia in the west

Russia and Asia
The Russian Empire had reached the
Pacific Ocean and the borders of China.
 In the nineteenth century, Russian
expansion continued to the South,
bringing Russia into conflict with China,
Japan, Iran, and the Ottoman Empire

Cultural Trends
Russia had contact with Europe since the
17th century
 The reforms of Tsar Alexander I were
never implemented
 Opposition to reform came from wealthy
families

The Decemberist revolt was carried out
by a group of reform-minded military
officers upon the death of Alexander I.
 Heavy penalties were imposed on Russia
in the treaty that ended the Crimean War.


Under Alexander II, reforms and cultural
trends were encouraged and expanded

The nineteenth century saw numerous
Russian scholarly and scientific
achievements
The Qing Empire
Economic and Social Disorder, 1800–
1839
When the Qing conquered China in the
1600s they restored peace and stability
 This would lay the foundation for the
doubling of the Chinese population
between 1650 and 1800.
 By 1800, population pressure was causing
environmental damage

There were a number of sources of
discontent in Qing China.
 Various minority peoples had been driven
off their land
 Discontent was manifest in a series of
internal rebellions in the nineteenth
century, beginning with the White Lotus
rebellion (1794–1804).

Opium Wars (1839-42, 1856-60)
Who participated?
 What was the cause?
 What was the
outcome?

French cartoon, late 1890s
While a Mandarin official
helplessly looks on, "China" as a
pie is about to be "carved up"
by:
- Queen Victoria (GB)
- Wilhelm II (Germany)
- Nicholas II (Russia)
- Marieanne (France)
- Meiji Emperor (Japan)
Britain’s Solution to get trade with
the Chinese: Sell Opium!
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Opium
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Highly addictive drug
derived from the poppy
plant
British grew opium in
colonial India
 Use and sale of opium
was illegal in China (and
in Britain!)
The Opium War and Its Aftermath,
1839–1850
The Qing did not at first pay much
attention to trade issues or to the growth
in the opium trade.
 In 1839, when the Qing government
realized the harm being done by the
opium trade
 They decided to ban the use and import of
opium

The Opium Trade

British began to forge
links with Chinese
opium dealers
 Started to illegally
trade opium for
Chinese goods
 By 1820, 80% of all
people living in
Canton were addicted
to opium
 Britain essentially was
a huge international
drug dealer
•Chinese silver was used to buy opium, and the Chinese
government was fearful of a trade imbalance.
•China demanded that opium sales stop, but the British did not
comply. This led to the Opium Wars.
Opium dens, 1850
Chinese receiving opium from
Patna, British India
Empress Dowager Ci Xi
Empress Dowager Ci Xi
worked with her
government officials to
fight against the British
in the First Opium War,
49 from 1839-1842. 4/2/2016
Opium War
Chinese emperor asks Queen Victoria to
stop the opium trade/unanswered
 China destroys millions of dollars of opium
 China no match for modern weaponry and
equipment.
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The Opium Wars

Chinese government ordered British merchants to
surrender all opium cargo to government officials
 Britain agreed, but rather than hand it over directly to
the Chinese government, the merchants gave their
opium to British naval officers in Canton harbor
 This made the opium
the property of the
British government
 When Chinese officials
seized it and drowned
20,000 chests of opium,
Britain said they had committed an act of war
The Opium Wars

War between Britain
and China 1839-1842
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British called it the
“Trade War”
Chinese called it the
“Opium War”
Chinese were no
match for the British
navy and were
defeated, despite
much fighting
Treaty of Nanjing
China paid Britain’s war costs
 Opened five ports to trade
 Extraterritoriality
 Britain received the island of Hong Kong
 Sometimes called the first of the Unequal
treaties
 Western powers carved out spheres of

influence (exclusive trading
privileges)
53
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhCtg
oOGuwg
Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

Causes:
 Hong’s
vision
 Poverty of peasants
 Poor gov’t: high taxes, poor gov’t services
Goal: Overthrow the Manchus
 Outcome: rebellion crushed

Leader: Hong Xiuquan
•
•
•
A middle class
Hakka Chinese
Failed competitive
test to enter the
civil service for a 3rd
time in 1836
Had a nervous
breakdown
accompanied by
visions
Vision I
An old man tells Hong that men are
worshipping demons instead of him.
 Hong believes this is God the Father

Vision II

He sees Confucius being tortured for his
lack of faith in God.
Vision III
Hong is carried to Heaven by angels.
 A man with a long golden beard in black
robe embroidered with dragons gives him
a sword and a magic seal and tells him to
purify China of demons.
 He believes this was his older brother
Jesus.
 His family claims that after this he became
taller and filled with authority.

Vision IV
An old woman washes the filth of the
world from his body.
 A group of old men remove his internal
organs and replace them with new
heavenly organs.

The God Worshippers
Converts many of the poor Hakka charcoal
burners in Guangxi
 He and his growing cult engage in
iconoclasm throughout the region
 He translates the Bible and gains more
followers
 By 1850 he has over 30,000 followers and
war begins.

Reforms of the “Heavenly Kingdom”
Women equal to men (no foot binding;
women can serve in govt & army)
 Property held in common
 No opium, tobacco, alcohol, polygamy,
gambling, prostitution

At their height Taipings control ¼ China, 600
major cities
• Huge armies threaten to end the Qing Dynasty
•

The Qing were finally able to defeat the
Taiping with help from military forces
organized by provincial governors like
Zeng Guofan and with the assistance of
British and French forces
Poem about the Taiping Rebellion
Bitterly, bitterly, The years creep
slowly past.
 But when the Talpings come, Life will
be good at last.
 The land will be divided, And
contracts strewn on the roads.
 All people will be equal.
 There will be no rich households.

The Taiping Rebellion was one of the world’s
bloodiest civil wars
 The results of the Taiping Rebellion included 20
to 30 million deaths,
 depopulation and
 destruction of rich agricultural lands

Decentralization at the End of the
Qing Empire, 1864 – 1875

The Qing could not get out of debt.

With the Qing government so deeply in
their debt, Britain and France became
active participants in the period of
recovery known as the Tongzhi
Restoration that followed the Taiping
Rebellion
The real work of recovery was managed by
provincial governors like Zeng Guofan, who
looked to the United States as his model
 The reform programs were supported by a
coalition of Qing aristocrats including the
Empress Dowager Cixi,
 They were unable to prevent the Qing Empire
from disintegrating into a set of large power
zones in which provincial governors exercised
real authority
