Transcript World War I

Mr. Laychuk 2013
World War I
The First World War
When the First World War
began in 1914, few believed it
wouldn’t last very long. Many
young people in Canada and
elsewhere saw the war as an
exciting chance
for
travel,
Soldiers
during
World War I
adventure, and glory.
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The First World War
SECTION 1
World War I Begins
SECTION 2
Battles and Technology
SECTION 3
The War at Home
SECTION 4
Wilson Fights for Peace
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Section 1
World War I Begins
As World War I intensifies, Canada contributes
over 600 000 men to the cause.
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Causes of World War I
Nationalism
• Nationalism—devotion to one’s nation
• Nationalism leads to competition, antagonism
between nations
• Various ethnic groups resent domination,
want independence
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Causes of World War I
Imperialism
Powerful countries practised
imperialism by establishing
colonies all over the world to
create empires. They
exploited the land and
resources of the weaker
nations they controlled.
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Causes of World War I
• As the European powers
scrambled for possessions in
Africa, they needed to justify
their actions. One such
justification was the notion of
the "white man's burden,"
which suggested that it was the
duty of whites to assist Africans
and other "inferior" peoples of
the world by introducing them
to the benefits of “civilization.”
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Causes of World War I
Militarism
• Nations glamorized their armed forces, and the size
of their armies and navies became essential to
national prestige. They embraced militarism and
saw war as an acceptable way to resolve conflicts
and achieve their goals.
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Causes of World War I
Alliance System
• These intense rivalries in Europe resulted in a rush
to make or join alliances. By the early 1900s, all
the Great Powers in Europe were in alliances with
other countries, promising to support one another
if they were attacked
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Causes of World War I
Alliance System
• Triple Entente or Allies—France,
Britain, Russia
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman
Empire are Central Powers
• Alliances give security; nations
unwilling to tip balance of power
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Causes of World War I
Balance of Power: The situation,
especially before World War I, in
which the strong nations of Europe
attempted to remain of equal strength
militarily and in their alliances.
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Causes of World War I
An arms race is a
competition between
two or more countries
for military supremacy.
Each party competes
to produce larger
numbers of weapons,
greater armies, or
superior military
technology.
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Section 2
Technology & Battles
World War I was not inevitable, as many
historians say. It could have been avoided,
and it was a diplomatically botched
negotiation.
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Technology
Trench Warfare: By the war's end, each
side had dug at least 12,000 miles of
trenches.
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Technology
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Technology
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Technology
Canadian Highlander
The ‘Great Causes’
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Technology
Sam Hughes
• Sam armed his men with the
Canadian Ross rifle
• The rifles jammed in the mud
and overheated after quick
firing
• Hughes refused to replace
them until it was to late
• Many died for his folly
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Technology
Dead on the wire
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Technology
The Trenches would stretch from the North Sea to
the border of Switzerland
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Technology
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Technology
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Technology
No Man’s land
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Technology
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Technology
Trenchfoot: A condition which caused soldiers’
feet to swell and turn black. One of many
unpleasant conditions which soldiers suffered
from life in the wet trenches.
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Technology
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Technology
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Technology
Official figures declare
about 1,176,500 non-fatal
casualties and 85,000
fatalities directly caused
by chemical weapon
agents during the course
of the war.
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Technology
Gas at Ypres
• Modern warfare was born at
Ypres,Belgium April 22,1915
• The German army released
5700 gas cylinders
• The chlorine gas drifted across
“no man’s land”
• The French colonial troops
broke and ran
• The Canadians rushed in to
close the gap
• The advance was stopped
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Technology
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Technology
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Technology
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Technology
• The Germans first
used gas against the
Russians on Jan 13,
1915 with little effect
Even German dogs were outfitted
with gas masks
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Technology
Blind British soldiers waiting for help.
This image illustrates the idea of war
of attrition.
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Technology
Tanks
The fighting conditions of the Western Front
prompted the British Army to begin research
into a self-propelled vehicle which could cross
trenches, crush barbed wire, and would be
impervious to fire from machine-guns.
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Technology
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Technology
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Technology
Unlike semi-automatic firearms, which require
one trigger pull per bullet fired, a machine gun
is designed to fire bullets as long as the trigger
is held down and ammunition is fed into the
weapon.
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Technology
The first recorded powered flight was in 1903
when the Wright brothers flew their aircraft. In
the autumn of 1914 a new recruit to the Royal
Flying Corps had a greater chance of being
killed during training than during combat.
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Technology
Canada In The Air
• Canada produced more and better
pilots than any other country
• Of the top 27 aces 10 were
Canadian
• Billy Bishop Owen Sound Ontario
“The Lone Wolf” 72 victories 3th
for the war
• Raymond Collishaw Nanaimo BC
60 victories 5th
• Will Barker Dauphin Manitoba
Canada’s most decorated war
hero
• Roy Brown a Canadian flyer who
was credited with shooting down
the “Red Baron”
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Technology
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Technology
Death was a constant companion to those
serving in the line, even when no raid or attack
was launched or defended against. In busy
sectors the constant shellfire directed by the
enemy brought random death. Shell Shock
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Technology
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Technology
The Arms Race
In May of 1915, U-20 sank the liner RMS
Lusitania. Though there was a great deal of
outrage at the sinking of an "innocent" merchant
ship at the time, historians now believe the
Lusitania had 10 tons of weapons aboard,
making it a valid target under international law.
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Important People
Emperor Franz Joseph
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Important People
Franz Ferdinand, Sophia and children
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Important People
George V
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Important People
William II
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Important People
Nicholas II and George V
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Start of the War
On JUNE 28, 1914, the heir to un Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, was assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
Bosnia had been part of Austria-Hungary since 1908,
but it was claimed by neighboring Serbia. AustriaHungary blamed Serbia for the assassination, and on
July 28 declared war.
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Start of the War
From an early age, he
suffered from
tuberculosis, which was
his eventual cause of
death in 1918, and was
also one of the reasons
he let himself kill
Archduke Ferdinand in
the first place. Most
historians agree that
Princip was a member of
the Black Hand.
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Battles of World War I
• The Schlieffen Plan
• If Germany fights Russia it must also fight
Russia’s ally, France
• If Germany fights anyone, it must be the
first to launch the attack
• A military-diplomatic powder keg:
• If politicians believe that war has become
inevitable, they will strike the first blow and
make it happen
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Battles of World War I
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Battles of World War I
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Battles of World War I
• The first division of the Canadian Expeditionary
Force (CEF) arrived in France in February 1915.
These forces soon became involved in combat
along the Western Front, including decisive
battles in France and Belgium at Ypres, the
Somme, Vimy Ridge, and Passchendaele.
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Battles of World War I
THE CHRISTMAS TRUCE
• On Christmas Eve 1914, soldiers on patrol sang
carols to each other in comradely greetings. The
following day, troops along two-thirds of the front
did not fight and church services were held. A few
soldiers crossed into no-man’s-land to talk to their
enemy and exchange simple gifts of cigarettes
and other items.
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Battles of World War I
The Second Battle of Ypres
• On April 22,1915, French and Canadian troops
were blinded, burned, or killed when the Germans
used chlorine gas, a tactic that had been outlawed
by international agreement since 1907.
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Battles of World War I
The Battle of Vimy Ridge
• In 1914, the Germans took control of Vimy Ridge,
a key position near the Somme. This vantage
point gave a clear view of the surrounding
countryside, supply routes, and enemy positions.
For more than two years, both French and British
forces tried to capture the ridge but were
unsuccessful .
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Battles of World War I
• Late in 1916, Canadian troops were chosen to
lead a new assault on Vimy Ridge. Julian Byng,
carefully planned the attack.
– Artillery bombarded German positions for more
than a month.
– Sappers (army engineers) built tunnels to
secretly move troops closer to the ridge.
– On April 10, they captured Hill 145, the highest
point on the ridge. By April 12 they had taken
“the pimple,” the last German position.
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Battles of World War I
• It was a stunning victory. The Canadians had
gained more ground. Taken more prisoners, and
captured more artillery than any previous British
offensive in the entire war. Although the cost was
high—more than 3500 men were killed and
another 7000 wounded
VIMY RIDGE
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Battles of World War I
German U-Boat Response
• Germany sets up U-boat blockade of Britain
• U-boat sinks British liner Lusitania; 128
Americans among the dead
- U.S. public opinion turns against Germany
• Germany asks U.S. to get Britain to end food
blockade
- otherwise will renew unrestricted
submarine war
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Battles of World War I
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Battles of World War I
The Hundred Days Campaign
• 1 March 3,1918, Russia and the Central Powers
signed the Treaty of Brest Litovsk. This truce on
the Eastern Front freed German troops to fight on
the Western Front.
– [n a desperate offensive beginning in March
1918, the German army struck at weak points
in the Allies’ lines and drove deep into France.
Positions that t had been won at great cost in
lives, including Ypres, the Somme, and
Passchendaele, were lost within weeks.
Section 3
The War at Home
As World War I intensifies, Canada contributes
over 600 000 men to the cause.
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The War at Home
Supporting the War Effort
• By 1918, the war effort was costing Canada about
$2.5 million daily. The government launched
several initiatives to cover these costs.
– Canadians were urged to buy Victory Bonds.
– Honour rationing was introduced to help
combat shortages on the home front.
Canadians used less butter and sugar, and the
government introduced “Meatless Fridays” and
“Fuel-less Sundays” to conserve supplies.
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The War at Home
The War Measures Act
• To meet the demands of war. Prime Minister
Borden introduced the War Measures Act in
1914. The Act gave the government the
authority to do everything necessary “for the
security, defence, peace, order, and welfare
of Canada.”
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The War at Home
• The government also had the power to limit
the freedom of Canadians. It could censor
mail. It suspended habeas corpus, which
meant that police could detain people
without laying charges.
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The War at Home
• Anyone suspected of being an “enemy alien”
or a threat to the government could be
imprisoned, or deported, or both. Recent
immigrants from Germany and the AustroHungarian Empire were treated particularly
harshly under this Act. Approximately 100 000
of them had to carry special identity cards and
report regularly to registration officers. More
than 8500 people were held in isolation in
internment camps.
EMENY ALIENS
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•
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Ottawa passed The War Measures Act an act that gave the
government the power to do anything “for the security, defense,
peace,order and welfare of Canada”
The War Measures Act gave the government the power to arrest and
imprison 8500 “enemy aliens”
Canadians of German, Austrian ,Turkish and Ukrainian birth were
sent to interment camps
Many of these people were used as “slave labour”
The War Measures Act would be used in World War II to displace
Japanese Canadians and again in 1970 to lock up French-Canadian
nationalists without trial
Anti-German fever was so high in Canada that Berlin was forced to
change its name to Kitchener after the British Field-Marshall
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The War at Home
• In 1917, the Canadian government introduced
income tax—a measure that was supposed to be
temporary. Affluent individuals and families had to
pay a tax of between 1 and 15 percent of their
income.
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The War at Home
Suffrage Is Granted to Women
• Without women’s efforts on the home front,
Canada’s wartime economy would have
collapsed.
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The War at Home
The Halifax Explosion
• During the war, Halifax was a valuable base for
refuelling and repairing Allied warships. It was
also the chief departure point for soldiers and
supplies headed to Europe. The harbour was
extremely busy, but there was little traffic control
and collisions were frequent.
The Halifax Explosion
The Halifax explosion 1917 caused by the
collision of the Imo and the munitions ship,
Mont Blanc. The resulting explosion caused
nearly 2000 deaths.
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The War at Home
• On December 6,1917, the SS Mont Blanc, a
French vessel carrying more than 2500 tonnes of
explosives, was accidentally hit by another ship.
The collision caused an explosion so powerful
that it devastated Halifax’s harbour and levelled
much of the city. More than 2000 people were
killed, another )000 were injured, and thousands
were left homeless by the explosion and the fires
it caused.
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The War at Home
The Conscription Crisis
• By 1917, thousands of Canadian men had been
killed and many thousands more had been
seriously wounded. Many men were working in
essential industries at home to support the war
effort, so there were not enough volunteers to
replenish the Canadian forces in Europe.
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The War at Home
• After the war began. Prime Minister Borden
promised there would be no conscription, or
compulsory enlistment, for military service.
– In 1917, Borden introduced the Military Service
Act, which made enlistment compulsory. at
first, the Act allowed exemptions for the
disabled, the clergy. Hose with essential jobs
or special skills, and conscientious objectors
who opposed the war based on religious
grounds.
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The War at Home
The cost of the war
• HE COST OF THE World War I in human lives is
unimaginable. More than 65 million men fought.
Of whom more than half were killed or injured I
million di( disease, 21.2 million wounded, and 7.8
million taken prisoner or missing. In addition,
about 6.6 million civilians perished.
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The War at Home
Shellshock
• Shellshock is the collective name that was used to
describe concussion, emotional shock, nervous
exhaustion, and other similar ailments.
Shellshock was not known before World War I,
but trench warfare was so horrific that many
soldiers developed shellshock during this war.
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The War at Home
Women on the Western Front
• More than 2800 women served during the First
World War. They were part of the Royal Canadian
Army Medical Corps and worked on hospital
ships, in overseas hospitals, and in field
ambulance units on the battlefields. Many were
killed or injured by artillery fire, bombs, and poison
gas.
Section 4
The Fight for Peace
As World War I intensifies, Canada contributes
over 600 000 men to the cause.
Armistice
On November 11, 1918, the German and allied
military leaders signed an armistice (ceasefire)
which ended the fighting on the western front in
World War I.
Canada’s Emerging Autonomy
• The Paris Peace Conference lasted for six
months and resulted in a number of treaties
that defined new borders and compensation
for losses suffered during the war.
• For the first time, Canada gained international
recognition as an independent nation.
The Treaty of Versailles
• This document laid out the terms of peace
between Germany and the Allies. Initially, U.S.
President Wilson proposed a 14-point plan for
“just and lasting peace” that emphasized
forgiveness and future international cooperation.
Treaty of Versailles
• Demilitarization of the Rhineland
• War guilt clause blamed Germany for the
war and justified reparations
• German and Turkish colonies taken over by
the League of Nations who gave overseas
colonies to the allies and created mandates
in the middle east.
• Restoration of Belgium & Poland
• Creation of Yugoslavia
The League of Nations
• The Treaty of Versailles included the formation of
the League of Nations. The League was Woodrow
Wilson’s brainchild—
– The League was based on the principle of
collective security.
– The League’s 42 founding nations first met in
Paris on January 16,1920.
Flu Pandemic of 1918
• During the winter of 1918 to 1919, a deadly
influenza virus (called Spanish Flu) swept
across Europe, killing millions.
– Young people were especially susceptible
to the virus, which caused the deaths of an
estimated 21 million
– Approximately 50 000 Canadians died
during the epidemic.
– Many small Aboriginal communities were
almost wiped out.
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The War Introduces New Hazards
New Problems of War
• New weapons and tactics lead to horrific injuries,
hazards
• Troops amidst filth, pests, polluted water, poison
gas, dead bodies
• Constant bombardment, battle fatigue produce
“shell shock”
• Physical problems include dysentery, trench foot,
trench mouth
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