Transcript World History Connections to Today

World History: Connection to Today
Chapter 36
Africa
(1945–Present)
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
World History: Connection to Today
Chapter 36: Africa (1945–Present)
Section 1: Achieving Independence
Section 2: Programs for Development
Section 3: Three Nations: A Closer Look
Section 4: Struggles in Southern Africa
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
1
Achieving Independence
• How did colonialism contribute to a
growing spirit of nationalism?
• What routes to freedom did Ghana,
Kenya, and Algeria follow?
• How did the Cold War affect Africa?
1
The Colonial Legacy
Western imperialism had a complex and contradictory impact on
Africa. Some changes brought real gains. Others had a destructive
effect on African life that is felt down to the present.
•
•
•
•
After liberation, the pattern of economic dependence
established during the colonial period continued.
During the colonial period, Europeans undermined Africa’s
traditional political system.
Colonial doctors addressed some diseases, such as yellow fever,
smallpox, and malaria. Colonial governments did not
emphasize general health care, however.
At independence, African nations inherited borders drawn by
colonial powers. These borders often caused immense
problems.
1
A Growing Spirit of Nationalism
In 1945, the rising tide of nationalism was sweeping over
European colonial empires. Around the world, liberation would
follow this tide.
Impact of World
War II
The Global
Setting
Japanese victories in Asia
shattered the West’s
reputation as an unbeatable
force.
After the war, most Europeans
had had their fill of fighting.
Most were western
educated.
In response to growing
demands for independence,
Britain and France introduced
political reforms that would
lead to independence.
Leaders organized political
parties, which published
newspapers, held rallies,
and mobilized support for
independence.
Africans who fought for the
Allies resented the
discrimination and secondclass status they returned
to at home.
Nationalist
Leaders
1
Routes to Freedom
During the great liberation, each African nation had its own leaders
and its own story.
ALGERIA
GHANA
KENYA
Kwame Nkrumah tried to
win independence for the
British trading colony Gold
Coast. He organized strikes
and boycotts.
Nkrumah was imprisoned.
In 1957, Gold Coast won
independence.
Nkrumah named the new
country Ghana, after the
ancient West African
empire.
Before World War II, Jomo
Kenyatta became a spokesman
for the Kikuyu, who had been
displaced by white settlers.
Muslim Algerian nationalists
used guerrilla warfare to
win independence from
France.
Radical leaders turned to
guerrilla warfare.
The British imprisoned Kenyatta
and killed or imprisoned
thousands of Kikuyu.
During eight years of
fighting, hundreds of
thousands of Algerians, and
thousands of French, were
killed.
In 1963, Kenya won its
independence.
In 1962, Algeria won
independence.
1
The Cold War and Africa
African nations emerged into a world dominated by rival blocs led by
the United States and the Soviet Union.
•
By supplying arms to rival governments, the superpowers
boosted the power of the military in many countries and
contributed to instability.
•
Cold War rivalries affected local conflicts within Africa. The Soviet
Union and the United States supported rival groups in the
liberation struggles.
•
Weapons supplied by the superpowers enabled rival clans,
militias, or guerrilla forces to spread violence across many lands.
1
Section 1 Assessment
The British trading colony Gold Coast was later renamed
a) Kenya.
b) Zaire.
c) Congo.
d) Ghana.
Which of the following was not a way that the Cold War impacted Africa?
a) The superpowers boosted the power of African military leaders.
b) The superpowers cooperated to resolve regional conflicts.
c) The superpowers provided weapons to clans and militias.
d) The superpowers supported rival groups in liberation struggles.
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1
Section 1 Assessment
The British trading colony Gold Coast was later renamed
a) Kenya.
b) Zaire.
c) Congo.
d) Ghana.
Which of the following was not a way that the Cold War impacted Africa?
a) The superpowers boosted the power of African military leaders.
b) The superpowers cooperated to resolve regional conflicts.
c) The superpowers provided weapons to clans and militias.
d) The superpowers supported rival groups in liberation struggles.
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2
Programs for Development
• What were barriers to unity and stability in
Africa?
• What economic choices did African nations
make?
• What critical issues affect African nations
today?
2
Barriers to Unity and Stability
• Once freedom was won, many Africans felt their first loyalty to
their own ethnic group, not to a national government.
• Civil wars, some of which were rooted in colonial history,
erupted in many new nations.
• Faced with divisions that threatened national unity, many early
leaders turned to a one-party system.
• When bad government led to unrest, the military often seized
power.
2
Economic Choices
SOCIALISM OR CAPITALISM
Many new nations chose socialism.
Some nations set up mixed
economies, with both private and staterun enterprises.
URBAN OR RURAL NEEDS
Many governments kept food prices
artificially low to satisfy poor city
people. As a result, farmers used their
land for export crops or produced only
for themselves.
Many governments neglected rural
development in favor of industrial
projects.
CASH CROPS OR FOOD
Governments pushed to grow more cash
crops for export.
As a result, countries that once fed their
people from their own land had to import
food.
THE DEBT CRISIS
Lenders required developing nations to
make tough economic reforms before
extending new loans.
In the short term, these reforms increased
unemployment and led to higher prices
the poor could not pay.
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Critical Issues
POPULATION EXPLOSION
DROUGHT AND FAMINE
The rising population put a
staggering burden on Africa’s
developing economies.
In the 1970s and 1980s, prolonged
drought contributed to famine in
parts of Africa.
DEFORESTATION
Once forests were cleared,
heavy rains washed nutrients
from the soil and destroyed
its fertility.
AIDS
The AIDS epidemic spread rapidly
across parts of Africa. In 1998,
it was estimated that more than 21
million people were infected
with the virus.
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Population Pyramids
Population Pyramids
Kenya
Males
Ages
Females
Ages
60-79
40-59
20-39
0-19
60-79
40-59
20-39
0-19
60
50
40
30 20
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percentage of male population Percentage of female population
Nigeria
Males
Ages
Females
Ages
60-79
40-59
20-39
0-19
60-79
40-59
20-39
0-19
60
50
40
30 20
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percentage of male population Percentage of female population
South Africa
Males
Ages
Females
Ages
60-79
40-59
20-39
0-19
60-79
40-59
20-39
0-19
60
50
40
30 20
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percentage of male population Percentage of female population
2
Desertification in Africa
Desertification is
the spread of desert
areas.
Overgrazing and
farming remove
topsoil and speed up
the process of
desertification.
2
Old and New Patterns
In Africa, as elsewhere, modernization disrupted old ways.
URBANIZATION
Urbanization contributed to the
development of a larger national
identity.
However, it weakened traditional
cultures and undermined ethnic and
kinship ties.
CHRISTIANITY
Christianity has grown since its
introduction to Africa centuries ago.
Christian churches often combine
Christian and traditional African
beliefs.
WOMEN
As men moved to cities, rural women
took on the sole responsibility of
providing for their children.
Most constitutions promised women
generous rights. In reality, most women’s
lives continued to be ruled by traditional
laws.
ISLAMIC REVIVAL
Messages of reform based on Islamic
traditions and the call for social justice
were welcomed by many Islamic
Africans.
In some areas, it stimulated deeper
religious commitment.
2
Section 2 Assessment
What happened when governments pushed to grow more cash crops
for export?
a) These countries had a surplus of food.
b) These countries had to import food to feed their populations.
c) These countries became increasingly wealthy.
d) These countries were able to produce adequate food in
addition to the cash crops.
Messages of Islamic reform
a) were rejected by many Islamic Africans.
b) weakened Islamic religious commitment.
c) were repressed by African governments.
d) were welcomed by many Islamic Africans.
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2
Section 2 Assessment
What happened when governments pushed to grow more cash crops
for export?
a) These countries had a surplus of food.
b) These countries had to import food to feed their populations.
c) These countries became increasingly wealthy.
d) These countries were able to produce adequate food in
addition to the cash crops.
Messages of Islamic reform
a) were rejected by many Islamic Africans.
b) weakened Islamic religious commitment.
c) were repressed by African governments.
d) were welcomed by many Islamic Africans.
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3
Three Nations: A Closer Look
• What were some pressures for
change in Nigeria?
• What effects did dictatorship have
on the Congo?
• What was the outcome of Tanzania’s
experiment in socialism?
3
Pressures for Change in Nigeria
At independence, Nigeria drew up a constitution to protect various regional
interests.
The system did not work and ethnic rivalries increased. When Ibo leaders
declared the independent state of Biafra, civil war broke out. By the time
Biafra surrendered, almost a million people had died.
During the 1970s oil boom, Nigeria set up industries and borrowed heavily
from the West.
Between 1960 and 1985, rural people flooded to the cities. While the cities
grew, Nigeria ignored its farmers. Once a food exporter, Nigeria began
importing expensive grain.
When oil prices fell, the economy almost collapsed.
During Nigeria’s debt crisis in the 1980s, General Ibrahim Babangida imposed
harsh economic reforms to restore economic stability.
In 1993, elections were held, but Babangida and his military successors set
aside election results and cracked down on critics.
3
Dictatorship in Congo
After World War II, Belgium was determined to keep the Congo
and did nothing to prepare the colony for freedom.
In 1960, Belgium suddenly rushed the Congo to independence.
With some 200 ethnic groups and no sense of unity, the new
nation quickly split apart.
Civil war raged for almost three years.
In 1965, Mobutu Sese Seko seized power and renamed the
country Zaire.
For the next 30 years, Mobutu built an increasingly brutal
dictatorship.
In the late 1990s, ethnic violence in neighboring countries spilled
into Zaire. Mobutu was at last overthrown.
Continuing power struggles within the country led to continuing
violence.
3
Tanzania’s Experiment in Socialism
Tanzania’s first president, Julius Nyerere, sought to improve rural life,
build a classless society, and create a self-reliant economy.
To carry out his programs, Nyerere embraced “African socialism.”
Nyerere claimed that this system was based on African village traditions
of cooperation and shared responsibility.
Under African socialism, rural farmers were encouraged to live in large
villages and farm the land collectively.Under this arrangement, Nyerere
believed farm output would increase.
Nyerere’s experiment did not work as planned. Many families had to be
forcibly moved to the village collectives, farm output did not rise, and high
oil prices, inflation, and a bloated bureaucracy plunged Tanzania into
debt.
Nyerere’s successor, Ali Hassan Mwinyi moved Tanzania toward a market
economy. These moves brought some improvement.
3
Section 3 Assessment
What kind of government did Mobutu create in Zaire?
a) a limited democracy
b) a dictatorship
c) a constitutional monarchy
d) an oligarchy
Which African leader embraced “African socialism”?
a) Mobutu
b) Nasser
c) Babangida
d) Nyerere
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3
Section 3 Assessment
What kind of government did Mobutu create in Zaire?
a) a limited democracy
b) a dictatorship
c) a constitutional monarchy
d) an oligarchy
Which African leader embraced “African socialism”?
a) Mobutu
b) Nasser
c) Babangida
d) Nyerere
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4
Struggles in Southern Africa
• What challenges faced Zimbabwe?
• How did the long struggle to end
apartheid lead to a new South
Africa?
• How did the Cold War affect nations
of southern Africa?
4
What Challenges Faced Zimbabwe?
In 1980, Southern Rhodesia became the nation of Zimbabwe.
new nation faced severe challenges after years of war:
•
•
•
•
•
The
International sanctions had damaged the economy.
Droughts had caused problems.
Recovery was slowed by a power struggle between nationalist
leaders, Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo.
When Mugabe prevailed and became president, he called for a
one-party system and tolerated little opposition.
In 2000, tensions over land ownership led to renewed violence.
4
South Africa’s Long Struggle
APARTHEID
In 1910, South Africa won
self-rule from Britain. Over
the next decades, the
white minority government
imposed apartheid, a
system of racial laws
which separated the races
and kept the black majority
in a subordinate position.
BLACK RESISTANCE TOWARD REFORM
From the beginning, black
South Africans protested
apartheid. In 1912, the
African National Congress
(ANC) was set up to oppose
white domination. Nelson
Mandela mobilized young
South Africans to take part in
acts of civil disobedience
against apartheid laws. As
protests continued,
government violence
increased.
In the late 1980s, President
F. W. de Klerk abandoned
apartheid, lifted the ban on
the ANC, and freed
Mandela. In 1994, Mandela
was elected president in
South Africa’s first
multiracial elections.
Mandela welcomed
longtime political foes into
his government.
Other Nations of Southern
Africa
4
NAMIBIA
Instead of preparing the territory for
independence, South Africa backed
the oppresive regime run by the
white minority.
By the 1960s, the Southwest
African People’s Organization
(SWAPO) turned to armed struggle
to win independence.
The struggle became part of the
Cold War, with the Soviet Union and
Cuba lending their support to the
independence movement.
When the Cold War ended, Namibia
was finally able to win
independence.
PORTUGUESE
COLONIES
Portugal was unwilling to relinquish
its colonies in Angola and
Mozambique.
In 1975,after fifteen years of
fighting, Angola and Mozambique
won independence.
After independence, bitter civil wars
raged, fueled by Cold War rivalries.
The United States and South Africa
saw the struggles in southern Africa
as a threat because some of the
liberation leaders were socialists.
The end of the Cold War helped
stop the conflict.
4
Outlook and Gains
Despite many setbacks, African nations have made progress.
EDUCATION
As governments set up more schools,
literacy rates rose.
Universities trained a new generation
of leaders.
A few countries promoted higher
education for women.
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY
Africa has enormous potential for
growth.
With free-market reforms, countries
such as Ghana enjoyed economic
growth.
HEALTH CARE
Most African nations sought to improve
health care and created family planning
programs.
Governments recognized the profound
effect population growth had on
standards of living.
CULTURE
In literature, film, and the arts, Africans
made major contributions to global
culture.
4
Section 4 Assessment
How did Nelson Mandela resist apartheid?
a) He organized violent protests against the white government.
b) He tried to form a new state, separate from South Africa.
c) He mobilized young South Africans to take part in acts of civil
disobedience.
d) He set up a separate government in exile.
Angola and Mozambique were colonies of
a) Britain.
b) Portugal.
c) Spain.
d) the United States.
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4
Section 4 Assessment
How did Nelson Mandela resist apartheid?
a) He organized violent protests against the white government.
b) He tried to form a new state, separate from South Africa.
c) He mobilized young South Africans to take part in acts of civil
disobedience.
d) He set up a separate government in exile.
Angola and Mozambique were colonies of
a) Britain.
b) Portugal.
c) Spain.
d) the United States.
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