Transcript The endocrine system

AP Psychology
Neuroscience Unit
Unit II
Phrenology:
an incorrect
theory about
the head!
Bumps on the skull could
reveal our mental abilities
and character traits
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http://www.dnatube.com/video/1298/How-neurons-work
We start at the smallest aspect of
neuroscience:
The nerve cell
*The nerve cell is the key to all communication in the nervous system
*Signals everything to happen, yet they do not touch each other
*Billions of nerve cells
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Key Words: Action potential
Polarization vs. Depolarization
Refractory Period
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Helpful analogy:
Toilet bowl vs. nerve cell
communication…
Think:
refractory
period
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90cj4NX87Yk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXqXBnxP_sE
 Basic Neurotransmitters
to know:
Acetylcholine (ACH)…starts muscles, excitatory
transmitter, released during REM also…linked to
learning and memory
Dopamine: helps control muscle movement…opens
pleasure pathways, too much: schizophrenia, linked
to Parkinson’s and ADHD
Endorphins: a group of neurotransmitters that help
relieve pain and give one a sense of wellbeing…natural form of morphine
Serotonin: linked to mood, sleep, hunger and
disorders (e.g. too much=anxiety)….dominance?
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Table 2.1
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Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
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Chemical interaction in the nervous system
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The work of sensory, interneurons and motor neurons
Figure 2.9 A simple reflex
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http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.ht
ml?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=135598390&
m=136230874
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Note opportunity:
Review the process of nerve cell
communication….which part of the cell is
first?
Last?
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The organization of the nervous system…
Figure 2.7 The functional divisions of the human
nervous system
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The
biology
of
“Fight
or
Flight”
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Note opportunity:
State in your own words the function of the :
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system
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GLANDULAR SYSTEM and
COMMUNICATION
The endocrine system
Endocrine System: Very slow, some messages stay longer
a.
HORMONES: Literally means: “to activate” they move through the
bloodstream, they have specific structure or shape for each specific
hormone.
b. GLANDS: Produce hormones
*** EVERYTHING works TOGETHER with the brain ***
All glands and chemicals that are produced that are taken together are
called the endocrine system
c. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: glands and hormones
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Figure 2.11 The
endocrine system
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Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
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Brain Anatomy
We will start with the most basic in
function, and first in development and end
with the most ‘modern’ part of the brain,
the cortex. This is also the most complex
processing center.
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HOW DO WE KNOW THAT WE
KNOW ABOUT THE BRAIN?
•
CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Following and recording people with brain disorders and
diseases, helps with figuring out what parts control what.
– A. MANIPULATING THE BRAIN: Purposefully destroying or putting a lesion in
the brain and watching the results [only done in animals]
– B.
RECORDING THE BRAIN’S ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY: EEG, or
electroencephalogram tracing the electricity in the brain as it responds to a stimulus
– C. BRAIN IMAGING TECHNIQUES:
• 1.
CT Scan: [computed Tomography] an x=ray of the brain
• 2.
PET Scan: [positron emission Tomography the brain is more active by
showing the intensity of fuel burning [glucose]]
• 3.
MRI Scan: [magnetic resonance imaging] a technique that uses
magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that
distinguish among different types of soft tissue: allows us to see structures in
the brain
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EEG
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The PET scan
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Figure 2.15 Brain
reading
Figure 2.14 MRI scan of a healthy individual (left) and a
person with schizophrenia (right)
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Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Survival functions…
Figure 2.16 The brainstem and thalamus
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Figure 2.17 The brain’s
organ of agility
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Edition
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Next…emotional development and response…more survival
structures too
Figure 2.18 The
limbic system
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Figure 2.19 The amygdale
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Figure 2.20 The hypothalamus
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Figure 2.21 Rat with an implanted electrode
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Figure 2.22 Ratbot on a pleasure cruise
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Figure 2.23 Brain structures and their functions
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Note opportunity: How are the areas of
the cortex and the areas of the
lower/brainstem different?
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Why are we smarter?
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The cortex, or ‘neocortex’, or cerebral cortex….divisions
for the human brain.
Figure 2.25 The cortex and its basic subdivisions
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Psychology, Eighth Edition
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Left
More fun stuff
on this later…
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Right
The structure
of the cortex is
‘wrinkly’
In addition to
neurons:
Glial cells:
support
nourish and
protect
neurons
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Notice anything interesting? Correlation to
function/sensitivity?
Figure 2.26 Left hemisphere tissue devoted to each body part in the motor
cortex and the sensory cortex
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One of
neuroscience’s
most famous case
studies…damage
to the FAA altered
his personality
and emotional
control
Figure 2.31 Phineas Gage
reconsidered
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Edition
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kc213mMSsjY&feature=related
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122810679
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Parietal Lobe
a. Primary somatic sensory
center [sensation]
b. Receives input from
muscles and joint
receptors and skin
receptors, [touch,
texture, pressure,
etc…] pain receptors
[Sensory Strip]
c. The electrical stimulation
is similar to the
primary motor cortex
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Occipital Lobe
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Figure 2.28 New technology shows the brain in action
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Eighth Edition
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Case studies: (Case Western) and discussion…how
would your speech be impacted if you had a lesion
(destroyed tissue) in either speech area?
*aphasia ?
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Figure 2.29 The visual cortex
and auditory cortex
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Edition
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Association areas, ‘talk’ to other areas of the brain…very
important. One of the human brain’s most important
areas is the Frontal Association Area (which we discussed
with Phineas…
Figure 2.30 Areas of the cortex in four mammals
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Figure 2.32 Specialization and integration in
language
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Figure 2.33 Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and
speaking words
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An amazing case
study…
Figure 2.34 Brain
plasticity
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Tasks of Your Hemispheres
Left
1. Speech
2. Language
3. Logic
4. Writing
Right
1. Art
2. Music
3. Emotions
4. Creativity
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Figure 2.35 The corpus callosum
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Figure 2.37 Testing the divided brain
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqCduf1P1lQ&feature=related
savant and right
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMLzP1VCANo&feature=related
Joe
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ej6B6X43klk
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This is Joe ;)
Figure 2.39 The disappearing southpaws
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Figure 2.40 The southpaw’s hazardous life
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