Transcript File

Cell Structure
Studying Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
The Endomembrane System
and Proteins
The Cytoskeleton
The Connections between
Cells and Cellular Activities
Boundless.com/biology?campaign_content=book_1514_c
hapter_4&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=power
point&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boundless
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure > Studying Cells
Studying Cells
•Cells as the Basic Unit of Life
•Microscopy
•Cell Theory
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology?campaign_content=book_1514_chapter_4&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=dire
ct&utm_source=boundless
Cell Structure > Studying Cells
Cells as the Basic Unit of Life
•A living thing can be composed of either one cell or many cells.
•There are two broad categories of cells: prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
•Cells can be highly specialized with specific functions and
characteristics.
Various Cell Types
View on Boundless.com
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/studying-cells-58/cells-as-the-basic-unit-of-life-30911442?campaign_content=book_1514_chapter_4&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boun
Cell Structure > Studying Cells
Microscopy
• Electron microscopes use a beam of
• Light microscopes allow for
electrons, opposed to visible light, for
magnification of an object
approximately up to 400-1000 times magnification.
depending on whether the high
power or oil immersion objective is • Electron microscopes allow for higher
magnification in comparison to a light
used.
• Light microscopes use visible light microscope thus, allowing for visualization of
which passes and bends through
cell internal structures.
the lens system.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/studying-cells-58/microscopy-31011443?campaign_content=book_1514_chapter_4&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boun
Cell Structure
Microbial Size
This figure shows relative sizes of microbes on a logarithmic scale (recall that each unit of increase in a logarithmic scale represents a 10-fold increase
in the quantity being measured).
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44406/latest/Figure_04_02_02.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure
Various Cell Types
(a) Nasal sinus cells (viewed with a light microscope), (b) onion cells (viewed with a
light microscope), and (c) Vibrio tasmaniensis bacterial cells (seen through a
scanning electron microscope) are from very different organisms, yet all share
certain characteristics of basic cell structure.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44404/latest/Figure_04_00_00.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure > Studying Cells
Cell Theory
• The cell theory describes the basic properties of all
cells.
• The three scientists that contibuted to the development
of cell theory are Matthias Schleiden, Theodor
Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow.
• A component of the cell theory is that all living things
Structure of an Animal Cell
View on Boundless.com
are composed of one or more cells.
• A component of the cell theory is that the cell is the
basic unit of life.
• A component of the cell theory is that all new cells arise
from existing cells.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/studying-cells-58/cell-theory-31111444?campaign_content=book_1514_chapter_4&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boun
Cell Structure > Prokaryotic Cells
Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells
• lack an organized nucleus and other membranebound organelles.
• DNA is found in a central part of the cell called the
nucleoid.
• The cell wall acts as an extra layer of protection,
helps maintain cell shape, and prevents dehydration.
General Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell
View on Boundless.com
• cell size ranges from 0.1 to 5.0 μm in diameter.
• The small size allows quick entry and diffusion of
ions and molecules to other parts of the cell while
also allowing fast removal of waste products out of
the cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/prokaryotic-cells-59/characteristics-of-prokaryotic-cells-31211445?campaign_content=book_1514_chapter_4&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boun
Cell Structure
Stained Keratin Intermediate filaments
Keratin cytoskeletal intermediate filaments are concentrated around the edge of the cells and merge into the surface membrane. This network of
intermediate filaments from cell to cell holds together tissues like skin.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Wikipedia. "Epithelial-cells." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epithelial-cells.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
This transmission electron micrograph shows the rough endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles in a pancreatic cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44435/latest/Figure_04_04_02_new.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure
Cell Surface Size
Notice that as a cell increases in size, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases.When there is insufficient surface area to support a cell's increasing
volume, a cell will either divide or die.The cell on the left has a volume of 1 mm3 and a surface area of 6 mm2, with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 6 to
1, whereas the cell on the right has a volume of 8 mm3 and a surface area of 24 mm2, with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 3 to 1.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44406/latest/Figure_04_02_03.png View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure
Cellulose
Cellulose is a long chain of β-glucose molecules connected by a 1-4 linkage. The dashed lines at each end of the figure indicate a series of many more
glucose units. The size of the page makes it impossible to portray an entire cellulose molecule.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_09.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis
Ribosomes are made up of a large subunit (top) and a small subunit (bottom). During protein synthesis, ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "Eukaryotic Cells." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/?collection=col11448/latest View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure
General Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell
This figure shows the generalized structure of a prokaryotic cell.All prokaryotes have chromosomal DNA localized in a nucleoid, ribosomes, a cell
membrane, and a cell wall.The other structures shown are present in some, but not all, bacteria.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "CNX_Bio_Majors_bacterial_cell_CS3." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44406/latest/Figure_04_02_01.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure > Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
•Characteristics of Eukaryotic
Cells
•The Plasma Membrane and
the Cytoplasm
•The Nucleus and Ribosomes
•Mitochondria
•Comparing Plant and Animal
Cells
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology?campaign_content=book_1514_chapter_4&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=dire
ct&utm_source=boundless
Cell Structure > Eukaryotic Cells
• Larger than prokaryotic cells and have a "true" nucleus, membrane-bound
Characteristics
of Eukaryotic
Cells
organelles, and rod-shaped
chromosomes.
• The nucleus houses the cell's DNA and directs the synthesis of proteins and
ribosomes.
• Mitochondria are responsible for ATP production;
• The endoplasmic reticulum modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids
• The golgi apparatus is where the sorting of lipids and proteins takes place.
• Perixisomes carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and
amino acids and detoxify poisons
• Vesicles and vacuoles function in storage and transport.
• Animal cells have a centrosome and lysosomes while plant cells do not.
• Plant cells have a cell wall, a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and other
specialized plastids, whereas animal cells do not.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/eukaryotic-cells-60/characteristics-of-eukaryotic-cells-31311446?campaign_content=book_1514_chapter_4&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boun
Cell Structure
Eukaryotic Nucleus
The nucleus stores chromatin (DNA plus proteins) in a gel-like substance called the nucleoplasm.The nucleolus is a condensed region of chromatin
where ribosome synthesis occurs.The boundary of the nucleus is called the nuclear envelope.It consists of two phospholipid bilayers: an outer
membrane and an inner membrane.The nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.Nuclear pores allow substances to enter and
exit the nucleus.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_04.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure > Eukaryotic Cells
The Plasma Membrane and the Cytoplasm
• All eukaryotic cells have a surrounding plasma membrane, which is also known as
the cell membrane.
• The plasma membrane is made up by a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
that separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment.
• Only relatively small, non-polar materials can easily move through the lipid bilayer of
the plasma membrane.
• Passive transport is the movement of substances across the membrane that does not
require the use of energy while active transport is the movement of substances
across the membrane using energy.
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane down its
concentration gradient; this occurs when there is an imbalance of solutes outside of a
cell compared to the inside the cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/eukaryotic-cells-60/the-plasma-membrane-and-the-cytoplasm314-
Cell Structure
Eukaryotic Plasma Membrane
The eukaryotic plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins and cholesterol embedded in it.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_02.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure
Phospholipid Bilayer
The phospholipid bilayer consists of two adjacent sheets of phospholipids, arranged tail to tail. The hydrophobic tails associate with one another, forming
the interior of the membrane. The polar heads contact the fluid inside and outside of the cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "The Cell Membrane." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m46021/latest/ View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure
Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient. If a membrane is permeable to water, though not
to a solute, water will equalize its own concentration by diffusing to the side of lower water concentration (and thus the side of higher solute
concentration). In the beaker on the left, the solution on the right side of the membrane is hypertonic.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "The Cell Membrane." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m46021/latest/ View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure > Eukaryotic Cells
The Nucleus and Ribosomes
• The nucleus contains the cell's DNA and directs
the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins.
• Found within the nucleoplasm, the nucleolus is a
condensed region of chromatin where ribosome
synthesis occurs.
• Chromatin consists of DNA wrapped around
histone proteins and is stored within the
DNA is highly organized
View on Boundless.com
nucleoplasm.
• Ribosomes are large complexes of protein and
ribonucleic acid (RNA) responsible for protein
synthesis when DNA from the nucleus is
transcribed.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/eukaryotic-cells-60/the-nucleus-and-ribosomes-31511449?campaign_content=book_1514_chapter_4&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boun
Cell Structure
The nucleus stores the hereditary material of the cell
The nucleus is the control center of the cell. The nucleus of living cells contains the genetic material that determines the entire structure and function of
that cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "The Nucleus and DNA Replication." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m46073/latest/ View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure > Eukaryotic Cells
Mitochondria
• Contain their own ribosomes and DNA; combined
with their double membrane, these features
suggest that they might have once been free-living
prokaryotes that were engulfed by a larger cell.
• Have an important role in cellular respiration
through the production of ATP, using chemical
energy found in glucose and other nutrients.
Mitochondrial structure
View on Boundless.com
• Responsible for generating clusters of iron and
sulfur, which are important cofactors of many
enzymes.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/eukaryotic-cells-60/mitochondria-31611451?campaign_content=book_1514_chapter_4&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boun
Cell Structure
Mitochondrial structure
This electron micrograph shows a mitochondrion as viewed with a transmission electron microscope. This organelle has an outer membrane and an
inner membrane. The inner membrane contains folds, called cristae, which increase its surface area. The space between the two membranes is called
the intermembrane space, and the space inside the inner membrane is called the mitochondrial matrix. ATP synthesis takes place on the inner
membrane.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_07.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure > Eukaryotic Cells
Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
• Centrosomes and lysosomes are found in animal cells, but do not exist within plant cells.
• The lysosomes are the animal cell's "garbage disposal", while in plant cells the same
function takes place in vacuoles.
• Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large
central vacuole, which are not found within animal cells.
• The cell wall is a rigid covering that protects the cell, provides structural
support, and gives shape to the cell.
• The chloroplasts, found in plant cells, contain a green pigment called
chlorophyll, which captures the light energy that drives the reactions of plant
photosynthesis.
• The central vacuole plays a key role in regulating a plant cell's concentration of
water in changing environmental conditions.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/eukaryotic-cells-60/comparing-plant-and-animal-cells-31811454?campaign_content=book_1514_chapter_4&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boun
Cell Structure
Plant Cells
Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids used for storage, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "Eukaryotic Cells." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m45432/latest/ View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "Eukaryotic Cells." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m45432/latest/ View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure
The Chloroplast Structure
The chloroplast has an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and membrane structures called thylakoids that are stacked into grana. The space inside
the thylakoid membranes is called the thylakoid space. The light harvesting reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes, and the synthesis of sugar
takes place in the fluid inside the inner membrane, which is called the stroma.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_10.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure > The Endomembrane System and Proteins
The Endomembrane System and Proteins
•The Endoplasmic Reticulum
•The Golgi Apparatus
•Lysosomes
•Peroxisomes
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology?campaign_content=book_1514_chapter_4&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=dire
ct&utm_source=boundless
Cell Structure > The Endomembrane System and Proteins
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
•If the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has
ribosomes attached to it, it is called rough ER; if
it does not, then it is called smooth ER.
•The proteins made by the rough endoplasmic
reticulum are for use outside of the cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
View on Boundless.com
•Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
include synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and
steroid hormones; detoxification of medications
and poisons; and storage of calcium ions.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/the-endomembrane-system-and-proteins-61/the-endoplasmicreticulum-319-
Cell Structure > The Endomembrane System and Proteins
The Golgi Apparatus
•The Golgi apparatus is a series of
flattened sacs that sort and package
cellular materials.
•The Golgi apparatus has a cis face on the
ER side and a trans face opposite of the
The Golgi apparatus sorts and packages cellular
products
ER.
View on Boundless.com
•The trans face secretes the materials into
vesicles, which then fuse with the cell
membrane for release from the cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/the-endomembrane-system-and-proteins-61/the-golgiapparatus-320-
Cell Structure
The Golgi apparatus sorts and packages cellular products
The Golgi apparatus in this white blood cell is visible as a stack of semicircular, flattened rings in the lower portion of the image. Several vesicles can be
seen near the Golgi apparatus.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44435/latest/Figure_04_04_03.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure > The Endomembrane System and Proteins
Lysosomes
• Breakdown/digest macromolecules, repair cell
membranes, and respond against foreign substances
such as bacteria, viruses and other antigens.
• Contain enzymes that break down the
macromolecules and foreign invaders.
• Composed of lipids and proteins, with a single
Lysosomes digest foreign substances that might
harm the cell
membrane covering the internal enzymes to preventView on Boundless.com
the lysosome from digesting the cell itself.
• Found in all animal cells, but are rarely found within
plant cells due to the tough cell wall surrounding a
plant cell that keeps out foreign substances.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/the-endomembrane-system-and-proteins-61/lysosomes-32111457?campaign_content=book_1514_chapter_4&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boun
Cell Structure
Lysosomes digest foreign substances that might harm the cell
A macrophage has engulfed (phagocytized) a potentially pathogenic bacterium and then fuses with a lysosomes within the cell to destroy the pathogen.
Other organelles are present in the cell but for simplicity are not shown.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44435/latest/Figure_04_04_04.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure > The Endomembrane System and Proteins
Peroxisomes
• Lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification are important functions
of peroxisomes.
• Responsible for oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and
amino acids.
• Oversee reactions that neutralize free radicals, which cause cellular
damage and cell death.
• Chemically neutralize poisons through a process that produces large
amounts of toxic H2O2, which is then converted into water and oxygen.
• The liver is the organ primarily responsible for detoxifying the blood
before it travels throughout the body; as a result, liver cells contain
large amounts of peroxisomes.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/the-endomembrane-system-and-proteins-61/peroxisomes-31711452?campaign_content=book_1514_chapter_4&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boun
Cell Structure
Peroxisomes
Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain an abundance of enzymes for detoxifying harmful substances and lipid metabolism.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m46023/latest/ View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure > The Cytoskeleton
The Cytoskeleton
•Microfilaments
•Intermediate Filaments
and Microtubules
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology?campaign_content=book_1514_chapter_4&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=dire
ct&utm_source=boundless
Cell Structure > The Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
•Microfilaments assist with cell
movement and are made of a protein
called actin.
•Actin works with another protein called
myosin to produce muscle movements,
Microfilaments are the thinnest component of the
cytoskeleton.
View on Boundless.com
cell division, and cytoplasmic
streaming.
•Microfilaments keep organelles in place
within the cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/the-cytoskeleton-62/microfilaments-32211458?campaign_content=book_1514_chapter_4&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boun
Cell Structure
Microfilaments are the thinnest component of the cytoskeleton.
Microfilaments are made of two intertwined strands of actin.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44412/latest/Figure_04_05_02.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure > The Cytoskeleton
Intermediate Filaments and Microtubules
•Microtubules help the cell resist compression, provide a track along
which vesicles can move throughout the cell, and are the
components of cilia and flagella.
•Cilia and flagella are hair-like structures that assist with locomotion in
some cells, as well as line various structures to trap particles.
•The structures of cilia and flagella are a "9+2 array," meaning that a
ring of nine microtubules is surrounding two more microtubules.
•Microtubules attach to replicated chromosomes during cell division
and pull them apart to opposite ends of the pole, allowing the cell to
divide with a complete set of chromosomes in each daughter cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/the-cytoskeleton-62/intermediate-filaments-and-microtubules323-
Cell Structure
The Centrosome Structure
The centrosome consists of two centrioles that lie at right angles to each other. Each centriole is a cylinder made up of nine triplets of microtubules.
Nontubulin proteins (indicated by the green lines) hold the microtubule triplets together.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_08.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure
Micrtubule Structure
Microtubules are hollow, with walls consisting of 13 polymerized dimers of α-tubulin and β-tubulin (right image). The left image shows the molecular
structure of the tube.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44412/latest/Figure_04_05_04ab.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure
Microtubules are the structural component of flagella
This transmission electron micrograph of two flagella shows the 9 + 2 array of microtubules: nine microtubule doublets surround a single microtubule
doublet.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44412/latest/Figure_04_05_05.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure > Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
•Extracellular Matrix of
Animal Cells
•Intercellular Junctions
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology?campaign_content=book_1514_chapter_4&campaign_term=Biology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=dire
ct&utm_source=boundless
Cell Structure
The Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells
The extracellular matrix consists of a
network of proteins and carbohydrates.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44413/latest/Figure_04_06_01.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure > Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells
•Cell communication within tissue and tissue formation
are main functions of the extracellular matrix of animal
cells.
•Tissue communication is kick-started when a
molecule within the matrix binds a receptor; the end
results are conformational changes that induce
chemical signals that ultimately change activities
within the cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/connections-between-cells-and-cellular-activities63/extracellular-matrix-of-animal-cells-324-
Cell Structure > Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
Intercellular Junctions
• Plasmodesmata
• Tight junction
• Desmosomes
• Gap junctions
Plasmodesmata
View on Boundless.com
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/connections-between-cells-and-cellular-activities63/intercellular-junctions-325-
Cell Structure
- A plasmodesma is a channel between the cell walls of two adjacent plant cells.
Plasmodesmata allow materials to pass from the cytoplasm of one plant cell to the
cytoplasm of an adjacent cell.
- Similar to plasmodesmata, gap junctions are channels between adjacent cells that
allow for the transport of ions, nutrients, and other substances.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44413/latest/Figure_04_06_02.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure
Tight Junctions
A watertight seal between two adjacent animal cells, which
prevents materials from leaking out of cells.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44413/latest/Figure_04_06_03.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure
Desmosomes connect adjacent cells when cadherins
in the plasma membrane connect to intermediate
filaments.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44413/latest/Figure_04_06_04.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Structure
1. The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the
functional requirements of “living” is the ________.
A) organ
B) organelle
C) macromolecule
D) cell
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
2. The ________ is the basic unit of life.
A) organism
B) cell
C) tissue
D) organ
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
3. Which of the following best describes traits associated with an
electron microscope?
A) The microscope stains the electrons in a specimen.
B) The microscope uses visible light to identify cell structures.
C) The microscope uses a beam of electrons to provide high resolving
power and high magnification.
D) The microscope allows for a maximum magnification of 1000 times the
original size.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
4. Which of the following is a core component of the cell theory?
A) Both the cell is the basic unit of life and all new cells arise from
existing cells.
B) All energy flow occurs within the cell.
C) The cell is the basic unit of life.
D) All new cells arise from existing cells.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
5. What makes an organism a prokaryote?
A) They have plasma membranes to protect them from their surrounding
environment.
B) Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membranous
organelles.
C) It's cellular components are found within cytoplasm.
D) They contain DNA and ribosomes within the cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
6. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotes?
A) DNA
B) endoplasmic reticulum
C) cell membrane
D) cell wall
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
7. Which of the following is found both in eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cells?
A) nucleus
B) vacuoles
C) mitochondrion
D) ribosomes
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
8. Eukaryotic cells contain the following:
A) all of these answers
B) a nucleus that is not surrounded by a membrane
C) structures that specialize in energy production
D) circular chromosomal structures within a membrane-bound nucleus
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
9. Which of the following are correct regarding diffusion through
the lipid bilayer that makes up the plasma membrane?
A) Large particles cannot fit in between the individual phospholipids that
are packed together.
B) Only materials that are relatively small and non-polar can go through
easily.
C) Polar molecules are repelled by the non-polar lipids that line the inside
of the bilayer.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
10. If the nucleolus were not able to carry out its function, which
nucleus-synthesized organelles would be affected?
A) Proteins
B) Chromosomes
C) Ribosomes
D) DNA
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
11. A primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells is:
A) to produce ATP that powers the cell.
B) to contain the cell's hereditary material.
C) to synthesize proteins from mRNA.
D) to transport proteins outside of the cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
12. In mitochondria, the process of using oxygen and producing
carbon dioxide as a waste product is due to what cellular
reaction?
A) It is due to mitochondria's generation of iron and sulfur clusters.
B) It is a result of important cofactors of many enzymes.
C) It is due to the associative reaction of anaerobic eukaryotes and
aerobic prokaryotes.
D) It is a by-product of cellular respiration.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
13. What is an important difference between plant cells and
animal cells?
A) Heterotrophs capture light energy to produce their own food.
B) Animal and bacterial cells contain chlorophyll, but it is not bound within
organelles.
C) Plants are able to make their own food through the use of
chloroplasts, which enable photosynthesis.
D) Animal cells are able to capture light energy through stroma.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
14. What is the difference in the functioning between rough ER
and smooth ER?
A) Rough ER makes proteins for use outside of the cell, while smooth ER
makes lipids and carbohydrates.
B) Rough ER makes proteins for use inside the cell, while smooth ER
make proteins for use outside.
C) Rough ER is used by animal cells, while smooth ER is only used by
plant cells.
D) Rough ER detoxifies poisons, while smooth ER creates new cell
organelles.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
15. Which of these organelles make up the endomembrane
system of a cell?
A) Ribosomes and nucleoli
B) Nucleus and DNA
C) Lysosomes and cell membrane
D) Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
16. How does the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum help with
the transport of proteins?
A) The ER is completely covered with ribosomes that move around the
cell.
B) The ER can attach itself to the cell membrane to move proteins out of
the cell.
C) The ER is a series of hollow tubes the proteins can move through
around the cell.
D) The ER tubes connect with the nucleus for direct transport of
ribosomes to its membranes.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
17. Which part of the Golgi apparatus is responsible for the
secretion of materials into the vesicles?
A) the cis face
B) the rough ER
C) the smooth ER
D) the trans face
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
18. How do lysosomes dispose of cellular waste products?
A) They change the waste back into usable cell parts.
B) They produce enzymes that digest and break down the waste.
C) They expel the waste products from the cell through the membrane.
D) They take the waste products and convert them to additional genetic
material.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
19. A key role of peroxisomes includes:
A) the ability to perform lipid metabolism and chemically neutralize free
radicals.
B) the ability to act as highly-reactive products to produce ATP and
oxygen metabolism.
C) the transportation of diseased cells throughout the body.
D) the ability to congregate in large amounts within cancer cells to
neutralize them.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
20. What is the function of the microfilaments in a cell?
A) To support the organelles and the shape of the cell.
B) To digest worn out and dead cell parts.
C) To produce energy in the form of ATP.
D) To move proteins around and out of the cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
21. All of the following are functions of the microtubules EXCEPT:
A) They provide a track for the movement of vesicles through the cell
B) They help the cell resist compression
C) They pull chromosome pairs apart during cell division
D) They anchor proteins to the cell's surface
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
22. What is the role of the extracellular matrix of animal cells?
A) The matrix works in the formation of tissues and allows cell
communication within the tissues.
B) The matrix is in charge of blood clotting in the human body.
C) The matrix creates the proteins and collagen that are needed in tissue
communication.
D) It is solely in charge of changing the conformation of microfilaments
inside the cell membrane.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
23. Which of the following junctions is matched correctly with its
function?
A) tight junction: prevents materials from leaking between cells
B) desmosome: transports nutrients in plant cells
C) plasmodesma: pass electrical signals through heart muscle
D) gap junction: connects adjacent cells via cadherins
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Structure
The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional
requirements of “living” is the ________.
A) organ
B) organelle
C) macromolecule
D) cell
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax OER. "Biology." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/col11448/latest
Cell Structure
The ________ is the basic unit of life.
A) organism
B) cell
C) tissue
D) organ
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax OER. "Biology." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/col11448/latest
Cell Structure
Which of the following best describes traits associated with an
electron microscope?
A) The microscope stains the electrons in a specimen.
B) The microscope uses visible light to identify cell structures.
C) The microscope uses a beam of electrons to provide high resolving
power and high magnification.
D) The microscope allows for a maximum magnification of 1000 times the
original size.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Cell Structure
Which of the following is a core component of the cell theory?
A) Both the cell is the basic unit of life and all new cells arise from
existing cells.
B) All energy flow occurs within the cell.
C) The cell is the basic unit of life.
D) All new cells arise from existing cells.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Cell Structure
What makes an organism a prokaryote?
A) They have plasma membranes to protect them from their surrounding
environment.
B) Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membranous
organelles.
C) It's cellular components are found within cytoplasm.
D) They contain DNA and ribosomes within the cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - Key Term. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Cell Structure
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotes?
A) DNA
B) endoplasmic reticulum
C) cell membrane
D) cell wall
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Cell Structure
Which of the following is found both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells?
A) nucleus
B) vacuoles
C) mitochondrion
D) ribosomes
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax OER. "Eukaryotic Cells." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Cell Structure
Eukaryotic cells contain the following:
A) all of these answers
B) a nucleus that is not surrounded by a membrane
C) structures that specialize in energy production
D) circular chromosomal structures within a membrane-bound nucleus
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Cell Structure
Which of the following are correct regarding diffusion through the
lipid bilayer that makes up the plasma membrane?
A) Large particles cannot fit in between the individual phospholipids that
are packed together.
B) Only materials that are relatively small and non-polar can go through
easily.
C) Polar molecules are repelled by the non-polar lipids that line the inside
of the bilayer.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax OER. "The Cell Membrane." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m46021/latest/
Cell Structure
If the nucleolus were not able to carry out its function, which
nucleus-synthesized organelles would be affected?
A) Proteins
B) Chromosomes
C) Ribosomes
D) DNA
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Cell Structure
A primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells is:
A) to produce ATP that powers the cell.
B) to contain the cell's hereditary material.
C) to synthesize proteins from mRNA.
D) to transport proteins outside of the cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Cell Structure
In mitochondria, the process of using oxygen and producing
carbon dioxide as a waste product is due to what cellular
reaction?
A) It is due to mitochondria's generation of iron and sulfur clusters.
B) It is a result of important cofactors of many enzymes.
C) It is due to the associative reaction of anaerobic eukaryotes and
aerobic prokaryotes.
D) It is a by-product of cellular respiration.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Cell Structure
What is an important difference between plant cells and animal
cells?
A) Heterotrophs capture light energy to produce their own food.
B) Animal and bacterial cells contain chlorophyll, but it is not bound within
organelles.
C) Plants are able to make their own food through the use of
chloroplasts, which enable photosynthesis.
D) Animal cells are able to capture light energy through stroma.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Cell Structure
What is the difference in the functioning between rough ER and
smooth ER?
A) Rough ER makes proteins for use outside of the cell, while smooth ER
makes lipids and carbohydrates.
B) Rough ER makes proteins for use inside the cell, while smooth ER
make proteins for use outside.
C) Rough ER is used by animal cells, while smooth ER is only used by
plant cells.
D) Rough ER detoxifies poisons, while smooth ER creates new cell
organelles.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Cell Structure
Which of these organelles make up the endomembrane system of
a cell?
A) Ribosomes and nucleoli
B) Nucleus and DNA
C) Lysosomes and cell membrane
D) Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Cell Structure
How does the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum help with the
transport of proteins?
A) The ER is completely covered with ribosomes that move around the
cell.
B) The ER can attach itself to the cell membrane to move proteins out of
the cell.
C) The ER is a series of hollow tubes the proteins can move through
around the cell.
D) The ER tubes connect with the nucleus for direct transport of
ribosomes to its membranes.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Cell Structure
Which part of the Golgi apparatus is responsible for the secretion
of materials into the vesicles?
A) the cis face
B) the rough ER
C) the smooth ER
D) the trans face
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Cell Structure
How do lysosomes dispose of cellular waste products?
A) They change the waste back into usable cell parts.
B) They produce enzymes that digest and break down the waste.
C) They expel the waste products from the cell through the membrane.
D) They take the waste products and convert them to additional genetic
material.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Cell Structure
A key role of peroxisomes includes:
A) the ability to perform lipid metabolism and chemically neutralize free
radicals.
B) the ability to act as highly-reactive products to produce ATP and
oxygen metabolism.
C) the transportation of diseased cells throughout the body.
D) the ability to congregate in large amounts within cancer cells to
neutralize them.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Cell Structure
What is the function of the microfilaments in a cell?
A) To support the organelles and the shape of the cell.
B) To digest worn out and dead cell parts.
C) To produce energy in the form of ATP.
D) To move proteins around and out of the cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Cell Structure
All of the following are functions of the microtubules EXCEPT:
A) They provide a track for the movement of vesicles through the cell
B) They help the cell resist compression
C) They pull chromosome pairs apart during cell division
D) They anchor proteins to the cell's surface
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Cell Structure
What is the role of the extracellular matrix of animal cells?
A) The matrix works in the formation of tissues and allows cell
communication within the tissues.
B) The matrix is in charge of blood clotting in the human body.
C) The matrix creates the proteins and collagen that are needed in tissue
communication.
D) It is solely in charge of changing the conformation of microfilaments
inside the cell membrane.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax OER. "Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44413/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Cell Structure
Which of the following junctions is matched correctly with its
function?
A) tight junction: prevents materials from leaking between cells
B) desmosome: transports nutrients in plant cells
C) plasmodesma: pass electrical signals through heart muscle
D) gap junction: connects adjacent cells via cadherins
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/