Transcript Chapter on Introduction

Introduction
Biology
 Study
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of life
What is Life?
Some Properties of Living Things
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Order
Reproduction
Growth and development
Energy utilization
Response to stimuli
Homeostasis
Evolutionary adaptation
Order
Nautilus sp.
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All characteristics of life emerge from an
organism’s highly ordered structure
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Notice the chambers in the Nautilus, your skeleton
frame, the tree’s trunk and branches.
Reproduction
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Organisms reproduce with their own kind
Life comes only from life
Sexual and asexual
All organisms have DNA
male marmoset monkey
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Growth and development
Obelia sp.
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DNA directs the pattern of growth and development
Increase in size and number of cells
Change in form and function
Energy utilization
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Energy is transformed into
many kinds of work
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Metabolism
(anabolism/catabolism)
Sum of all biological chemical
reactions
flamingo feeding
Response to stimuli
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Stimulations trigger a response
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Mechanoreception
Chemoreception
Photoreception
Drosera capensis
Homeostasis
Humboldt penguin
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Maintaining an organism’s internal
environment within tolerable limits
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Metabolic processes use energy to
maintain balanced intracellular
condition
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homeostasis (coined by Walter
Cannon, 1930)
Evolutionary adaptation
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Life evolves as a result of the
interaction between organisms
and their environments
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Living things adjust & adapt to
their surroundings
Adaptations allow organisms to
survive in a particular
environment
Evolution is witnessed when the
species changes
flightless cormorant
Two approaches to the study of life
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Reductionist
 Dismantling the parts
Holistic
 Examine the whole
 Emergent properties
 Results from interactions between
components
Hierarchy of Organization
1. atom
Carbon (C)
2. molecule
glucose (C6H12O6)
3. organelle
mitochondrion
4. cell
muscle cell
5. tissue
muscle
6. organ
heart
7. system
circulatory system
8. organism
Mouse
9. population - species
mice
10. community
college w/mice + men
11. ecosystem
community + abiotic
factors (soil, water, air)
12. biosphere
earth
Taxonomy by Carolus Linnaeus
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The study of systems of classification is called
taxonomy; carried out by taxonomists
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The method of Linnaeus is called the binomial
nomenclature system because a combination of two
names, genus and specific epithet, uniquely
identifies each organism
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Both genus and specific epithet are italicized; genus
capitalized, specific epithet lowercase
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Specific epithet
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
specific
general
Class Activity
Write the following scientific name correctly…
genus = MICROCOCCUS
specific epithet =LUTEUS
answer
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genus = MICROCOCCUS
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specific epithet =LUTEUS
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Micrococcus luteus
Micrococcus luteus
Organism Estimates
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Prokaryotes
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
6,300
350,000
100,000
290,000
1,052,000
total
1,800,000
Update: 1.8 million species id and named
Thousands identified/classified each year
Cell types
According to nucleus
 Prokaryote (prokaryotic cell) – no nucleus
 Eukaryote (eukaryotic cell) – with true nucleus
According to Nutrition
 Autotroph – self-feeder
 Heterotroph – feeds on others
Three Domains of Life
Bacteria
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Prokaryotic cells
Archaea
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Prokaryotic cells
Eukarya
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Eukaryotic cells.
Domain Archaea
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prokaryotes
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Ancient-type bacteria that
thrive in
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heat
salt
acid conditions
process methane
Domain Bacteria
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prokaryotes
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locations
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soil
on other organisms
on surfaces
in the sea
in fresh water
Spirillum
Domain Eukarya
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The Eukaryotes, which have a nucleus, form a
third domain, and comprise 4 kingdoms:
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Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Protista
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Current debate on how to split the organisms
into several kingdoms
have a nucleus
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Eukaryotic unicellular (mostly):
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Protozoa – example: amoeba
Protists – example: algae
Fungi
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Eukaryotic multicellular (mostly):
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Yeasts, mildew, molds, and mushrooms
Non photosynthetic:
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heterotrophs that absorb nutrients
mushrooms
Plantae
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Eukaryotic
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multicellular
Complex organization
Nonvascular (mosses) and vascular (ferns, conifers,
flowering) plants
Many photosynthetic (autotrophs)
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make carbohydrates from H2O & CO2
Animalia
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Eukaryotic, multicellular,
heterotrophs, ingests food
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Complex tissues and organs
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Capacity for movement
Classification of Organisms
living organism
prokaryote
Domains Bacteria & Archaea
eukaryote
Domain Eukarya
unicellular or simple multicelluar
PROTISTA
multicellular
autotrophic
PLANTAE
heterotrophic
absorbs nutrients
FUNGI
ingests nutrients
ANIMALIA
Activity:
Identify the domain and kingdom
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1. Living organism with DNA, rod-shaped and
unicellular. Found living in the gut of humans.
Ribosomes are present but the nucleus is absent.
Heterotrophic in nature. Some strains are
pathogenic to man but more are beneficial to
man.
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Living organism with DNA, rod-shaped and unicellular.
Found living in the gut of humans. Ribosomes are
present but the nucleus is absent. Heterotrophic in
nature. Some strains are pathogenic to man but more
are beneficial to man.
Answer
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Domain = Prokaryotes
Kingdom = Bacteria
Escherichia coli aka E.coli
Activity:
Identify the domain and kingdom
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2. This multicellular organism is motile. It is
heterotrophic and ingests its food. The cells are
rich in mitochondria which provide energy
necessary for its movement.
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This multicellular organism is motile. It is
heterotrophic and ingests its food. The cells are
rich in mitochondria which provide energy
necessary for its movement.
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Domain= Eukarya
Kingdom= Animalia
Example = clown fish and Anemone
Activity:
Identify the domain and kingdom
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3. A multicellular organism found in a tropical
rain forest. It photosynthesizes (autotroph) and
stores excess glucose in the form of starch. The
cells are nucleated and contain chloroplasts and
mitochondria.
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A multicellular organism found in a tropical rain
forest. It photosynthesizes (autotroph) and
stores excess glucose in the form of starch. The
cells are nucleated and contain chloroplasts and
mitochondria.
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Domain= Eukarya
Kingdom= Plantae
Example= red mangrove tree
Why so much diversity?
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Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)
H.M.S. Beagle (1831-1836)
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The Origin of Species, 1859
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On the Origin of Species by Means of
Natural Selection
descent with modification
natural selection
theory of evolution
Levels of Scientific Inquiry
Hypothesis
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A tentative explanation of a specific phenomenon
hypothesis of endosymbiosis
Theory
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An explanatory idea that is broad in scope and supported
by a large body of evidence
theory of evolution, cell theory
Law or Principle
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Widely accepted idea about a phenomenon
Mendel’s Laws, Laws of Thermodynamics
Scientific Method
the hypothetico-deductive method
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Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Test
Results
Conclusion
Observation
Question
Hypothesis
test does not
support the
hypothesis,
it needs to be
revised
Prediction
Experimentation
(tests)
test does
support
hypothesis
make more
predictions
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Test the hypothesis
by performing the
experiment to see
whether or not the
results are as predicted.
Deductive logic takes
the form of “If…then” logic.
The End