Transcript Natural Resources

Renewable vs. Non-Renewable
 Recall
Renewable and Nonrenewable resources…put definition
on sheet if you need to…
RENEWABLE – CAN BE REPLACED BY
NATURE AS QUICKLY AS IT IS USED
 NON-RENEWABLE – CANNOT BE
REPLACED BY NATURE AS QUICKLY AS
IT IS USED

Resources and
Energy
Fossil Fuels, Mineral
Resources and
Nuclear Energy
1. Petroleum and Natural Gas
(fossil fuels – non-renewable)

Petroleum and Natural Gas are
mixtures of hydrocarbons that formed
largely from microorganisms on the
sea floor.
 Heat and pressure creates petroleum
and natural gas
 Petroleum is liquid oil
hydrocarbons (used to make
petrochemicals)
 Natural gas is a gaseous
hydrocarbon
Petroleum and Natural Gas Deposits
 Petroleum
and natural gas
exist in the pore spaces of
rocks.
 Pressure at depth forces the
petroleum up until it reaches
a “cap rock” (impermeable
rock) such at the top of an
anticline or fault.
Oil And Natural Gas
Impermeable shale
Gas
Oil
Water
FAULT TRAP
OIL
Gas
ANTICLINAL TRAP
Fossil Fuels and the
Environment
 Disadvantages:
 Burning,
in general, causes
air pollution.
 Burning of high sulfur coal
causes sulfur dioxide which
in turn causes acid rain.
 Advantages: It is relatively
cheap and easy to use.
2. Coal (a fossil fuel (pure carbon)
formed from peat swamps)
 Peat:
Unconsolidated plant remains.
 Lignite:
“brown coal”
 Lowest rank
 Bituminous:
Dense, black, soft coal.
 Most common
 Anthracite:
A dense, shiny hard coal.
 Burns with a clean flame
Pressure
More
Pressure
Highest
Pressure
Coal distribution in the U.S.
(U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1118 )
Coal distribution in the U.S.
Accessed areas are outlined in black
Fossil Fuels
Top 20 Oil Reserves (75% found)
Top 20 Natural Gas Reserves
Petroleum Deposit
Environments
 Please
fill in the KEY at the
bottom of the sheet at your
desk with the colors of your
choice and then color-code
the diagram.
WHY you Absolutely, Positively Must Have
Someone Somewhere Who Develops the
Resources You Use Every Day.
The World Distribution of
Mineral Resources is
 Generally
uneven determined by geologic
history and tectonic setting.
 High metal concentrations
along active or extinct plate
boundaries.
Copper and Gold Deposits
Mineral Deposits vs. Ores
A
mineral deposit is a naturallyoccurring concentration of a
particular mineral - examples?
Copper, sulfur, quartz, Corundum
 An ORE is a mineral deposit that
can be economically developed.
Formation of Mineral Deposits
 3.
Igneous or metamorphic activity
leaves VEINS of minerals.
Ex: Copper Deposits
Copper Deposits
Malachite is copper ore
Formation of Mineral Deposits
 4.
Sedimentary
 Placer Deposits Preferential settling of
denser minerals from
flowing water.
Gold and diamonds
Gold Placer Deposits
Gold Placer Deposits
Gold Placer Deposits
Formation of Mineral Deposits
 5.
Weathering
 removes soluble
components of
rock, leaving
behind
concentrated ore
 Ex: Bauxite
(aluminum ore)
Bauxite to Aluminum
Bauxite Concentrations
Aluminum is successfully recycled
Formation of Mineral
Deposits
 6.
Evaporation
 leaves a
precipitated
salt layer
Saltworks in San Francisco Bay
Mining Methods
 1.
Surface Mining
 Inexpensive,
but
reclamation is high
Coal mine, Mpumalanga
Province, South Africa
Coal mine,
Mpumalanga
Province,
South Africa
Mud River, southern West
Virginia
Mining Methods
2.
Underground Mining
Cheaper reclamation,
but overall more
expensive
Underground Mining
Underground Mining
Underground Mining
Underground Mining
Underground Mining
Formation of Mineral Deposits
 Please
get your colored pencils
and color-code the Igneous
intrusions Orange, extrusive
igneous rock pink, and contact
Metamorphic Rock green and
regional metamorphic rock
purple, sediment Blue and
sedimentary rock brown.
Alternative Energy
Resources
Nuclear Power
1. Nuclear Energy
 Definitions
to remember
Isotope – atom that exhibits
variation in its mass number
 Mass number – sum of the neutrons
and the protons in an atom
 Atomic number – # of protons found
in the nucleus
 Atomic weight – average of the
atomic masses of all the element's
isotopes

 Definitions
To Know
 Fusion – a nuclear reaction in
which nuclei combine to form
more massive nuclei with the
simultaneous release of
energy.
The sun uses this process
Proton-proton chain
Graphic: Univ Tenn. Knoxville
 Definitions
To Know
 Fission – the splitting of the
nucleus of a larger atom into
two or more smaller ones with
the simultaneous release of
energy.
Nuclear Reactors use this
process to heat water –
steam turns turbines(see
page 203)
Both
fusion and fission
form NEW ELEMENTS
The Energy Of Atomic Fission
 Fuels
for Nuclear Reactors
U-235 is the initial fuel for
all fission reactors
ADVANTAGE: 1 gram of
U235 equals 2.7 tons coal!
The Disposal Of Nuclear
Waste (DISADVANTAGE)
Radioactive
Waste must
be stored for 250,000
years
 What
is to be done?
 Continue ON-SITE water pools
and dry-tank storage.
2. Solar Energy (converts
sunlight into heat or electricity)
 Advantages
of Solar Power
 Infinite supply/renewable
 No pollution
 Disadvantages
 Cloudy days and nighttime
requires storing of energy.
Solar Energy
Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov
Mojave
Desert,
Kramer
Junction,
California
Oil in tubes is
heated, then
transferred to a
power station to
generate
electricity
Solar Energy
A solar dishengine
system is an
electric
generator that
"burns" sunlight
instead of gas
or coal to
produce
electricity
Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov
Solar Energy - Photovoltaics
Sunderbans region of West Bengal, India. Rooftop PV modules on a village health center in
West Bengal provide power for refrigerators containing medicines and vaccines, for lights, and for
other important needs.
Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov
Solar Energy-Photovoltaics
Mars Rover “Sojourner ”
Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov
Solar Energy-Photovoltaics
PV shingles from United Solar Systems Corporation mount directly on the roof and serve two
purposes: they produce electricity for the home and provide the same protection value of an
asphalt roof shingle.
Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov
3. Hydroelectric Power (from running
water generating electricity)
 Advantages
 Successfully
supplies a small
percent (11%)of the nation’s power.
 Water supply is constant and free.
 Disadvantages
 Most
acceptable hydro sites are
already developed.
 Dams are expensive and cause
destruction of free-running rivers
and their ecosystems.
4. Tidal Power (Tides used to
generate electricity)
 Advantages
Low environmental impact.
 Constant supply

 Disadvantages
 Few
locations to utilize
 Low production
La Rance, France (tidal range of 27 feet)
5. Wave Energy from Ocean
Waves used to generate electricity
 Advantages
Low environmental impact.
 Constant supply

 Disadvantages
 Few
locations to utilize
 Low production
6. Thermal Power from Ocean -
Each day the oceans absorb energy from
the sun =250 billion barrels of oil that can be
converted to electricity.


Advantages
 Constant supply
 OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion)
systems convert this energy to electricity
while desalinating ocean water.
Disadvantages
 Expensive
 Not widely used
 Difficult to distribute from ocean-based
power plants.
7. Wind Power (wind turns
turbines to generate electricity)
 Advantages
are a clean source of
energy.
 Renewable.

 Problems
Inconsistent (can
only supply 10% of
energy requirements)
 few practical
places
 is detrimental to bird
migrations/bats

8. Geothermal Power – Heat
Energy from the Earth used to
generate electricity
 Advantages
 Renewable
 Consistent
 No
pollution
 Problem
 Few sites/Not widespread/Expensive
Source: http://www.os.is/Apps/WebObjects/Orkustofnun.woa
U.S. Geothermal Resource Map
Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/geomap.html
Old Faithful
9. BIOMASS(add to right
of Geothermal Energy…)
Corn, soybeans, grasses and wheat
(biofuels) are used for energy
generation.
 Advantages: Renewable & Cleaner
than fossil fuels.
 Disadvantages: Costly processing and
difficult to integrate into current fuel
use habits.

10. Oil Shale (contains kerogen)
 Advantages
 Plentiful
in the U.S.
 Disadvangages
 Not
very efficient source of
energy (1/8 of crude oil)
 Expensive extraction and
processing of Kerogen in shale
(similar to crude oil)
More on Pollution and Resources




Heavy industries cause high CO2
concentrations
Wood-burning causes SMOKE pollution
Release of CFCs (from refrigerators and air
conditioners) destroys the ozone (mostly
remedied by national cooperation).
Coal
 Burning causes acid rain (local or carried by
wind to other areas).
 Mining operations cause acidic conditions
that can be long-term in runoff or
groundwater.
Virginia’s Resources
Coastal Plain supplies crushed stone
for road construction and gravel;
Valley and Ridge supplies limestone
for concrete;
Piedmont supplies quartzite, slate
and pyrite;
and the Plateau supplies coal.
Blue ridge supplies granite.
Rock, Sand & Gravel
Applications
Decorative
/
landscaping
Concrete /
construction
Flooring, walls, roofs
Sand & Gravel
April 7, 2002: Curtis Sand & Gravel mining operation in Soledad Canyon (east of
state Route 14, near the old Lang Station site). Photo by Leon Worden; flight
courtesy of Gerry Hider. <http://www.scvhistory.com/scvhistory/lw2156a.htm>
Rock
 Granite,
limestone,
marble, & slate
 Mined from quarries
 Uses:
Construction and
decorative
Pietrasanta marble quarry,
Italy, “found” by Michelangelo
Marble
Quarry…
Slate
Malachite
Copper Ore
Va Map
Please take out your Virginia
Map
 Add
in the Blue Ridge
Mountains Province:
 Catoctin
Mountain – ancient
metabasalt (metamorphosed
basalt) and basalt flows
The Five Provinces
PLEASE TAKE OUT YOUR
VIRGINIA MAP!
Virginia is divided into 5 provinces
based on their geologic formations.
RED TEXT should be copied
onto your map.
1. Coastal Plain
The Coastal Plain runs from the fall
line on the west, to the Atlantic
Ocean on the east.
It
is a
terraced
landscape.
 Gravel,
Sand, silt
and clay produced
by erosion of the
Appalachian Mts
(young
unconsolidated
sediments) covers
the plain.
 As sea levels rose
and fell, fossils
were left at
various layers.
Virginia Fossils
 Fossils
include
various marine
organisms like
clams, scallops,
shark teeth,
and other hard
remains.
2. Piedmont
Facts about the Va. Piedmont
 It
is an area of
rolling hills
underlain by
ancient igneous
and metamorphic
rock.
 It is the largest of
the provinces.
Mining the Piedmont
High
quality
slate is mined
from this area.
The Piedmont
host one of the
worlds largest
kyanite mines.
Kyanite
3. Blue Ridge Mountains
Blue Ridge Facts
The
billion
year old
igneous and
metamorphic
rocks are the
oldest in the
state.
Blue Ridge Facts
 It
is the
highest ridge
separating the
piedmont from
the valley and
ridge province.
4. Valley and Ridge
Province
Valley and Ridge
 The
Valley and
Ridge Province is
an area of long
parallel ridges
and valleys
underlain by
ancient folded
and faulted
sedimentary
rocks.
Cambrian fossil algal
structures (stromatolites) are
found in the V&R Province.
Limestone outcrops are common in
the Valley and Ridge Province.
This area is also famous for
Karst Topography.
Sink holes!
Caverns!
Back to your map…
5. Appalachian Plateau
Appalachian Plateau Facts
The
Appalachian Plateau
has rugged, irregular
topography and is
underlain by ancient, flatlying sedimentary rocks
Appalachian Plateau Facts
COAL!
Appalachian Plateau Facts
Most
of
Virginia's
coal is
found in the
Appalachian
Plateau.
Appalachian Plateau Facts
 These
old
sedimentary
rocks contain
many fossils
and tons of
coal.
Virginia Fossils
 Paleozoic,
Mesozoic, and
Cenozoic
fossils are
found in
Virginia in the
plateau,
valley and
ridge or the
coastal plain.
Answer
these questions on
your note packet.
Questions!
1.Which
province is
covered by gravel, sand,
silt and clay?
2.Which province has
Cambrian algal fossils?
3. This province has a
terraced landscape.
4.
This province contains
billion year old rocks.
5. Which province is
underlain by ancient ,flatlying sedimentary rocks?
Correct your answers, if
necessary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Coastal Plain
Valley and Ridge
Coastal Plain
Blue Ridge
Appalachian Plateau
Answer these questions on
your note packet
1.
Which province, that
has already been
described, is known for
having layers of fossils?
2.
Which province is the
largest?
3. Which province has the
oldest rocks?
4. Which province has
slate and kyanite mines?
5.
This province has flatlying sedimentary rocks.
6. This province has
rolling hills underlain by
ancient rocks.
7. What do we call an
irregular limestone region
with sink holes and
caverns?
8.
Which province is at the
most western part of the
state?
9. Which province is the
largest? Oops! I repeated
this one!
10.Which province is
famous for coal?
How did you do?
Correct
your answers, if
necessary.
The Answers
 1.
Coastal
Plain
 2. Piedmont
 3. Blue Ridge
 4. Piedmont
 5.
Appalachian
Plateau
 6.
Piedmont
 7.Karst
 8. Appalachian
Plateau
 9. Piedmont
 10.
Appalachian
Plateau