Transcript Placing culture and creativity at the centre of local empowerment

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Outline
• Background and Brief Introduction
• Climate change Impacts in Nepal
• Water Sector Strategy and Water Resources
Policy of Nepal
• Climate Change Adaptation policies
• Summary
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Introduction Nepal
• Landlocked country with
land area of 147000 sq.
kms and population of 30
million.
• Physiography: Plains,
Siwalik, Middle Mountains,
High Mountains and High
Himalayas
• Administrative 75 Districts
and 5 Development Regions
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Water Resource Systems
• More than 6000 rivers and rivulets
• Estimated annual runoff about 200 billion
cubic meters
– The average annual rainfall over Nepal is about
1700 mm.
– Monsoon (June to September) brings about 80%
of the annual rainfall in four months.
• Surface runoff comprises 45% of average
annual flow of Ganges and around 70% of the
Ganges' dry season flow.
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Major Weather Systems
• Northern limit Of the
Tropics.
Turkmenistan
Afghanistan
China
Western disturbances
Iran
Pakistan
Nepal
• Southern lap of the
Summer Monsoon Himalayas
Bhutan
• Mountainous country
Bangladesh
India
Oman
Myanmar
Laos
• Topographically
complex
• Affected by monsoon
In summer and
Cambodiawestern
disturbances in winter
Thailand
0
0
65
100
130
200
400 Kilometers
260 Kilometers
Sri Lanka
Malaysia
(Source: Baidya, DHM)
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Variability across time and space
• About 250 billion cubic meters of waters fall over
Nepal annually as precipitation (Climatic and
Hydrological Atlas of Nepal, 1996)
– About 200 billion cubic meters drains out of Nepal annually.
– About 150 billion cubic meters (monsoon season).
– About 50 billion cubic meters ( winter -October to May) (February and
April/ May are the driest months.)
•
Rainfall varies from 2500mm –
east, about 1470 mm -KTM
1000 mm in the western Nepal
(amount of rainfall generally
declines from east to west0
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Climate Change: Nepal
• Temperature
• Precipitation
• Himalayan Glaciers
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Temperature Trend (Baidya, DHM)
Annual Mean Temperature Trend
y = 0.039x + 19.335
R2 = 0.5973
21.0
Temperature (°C)
20.5
20.0
19.5
19.0
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
1985
1983
1981
1979
1977
18.0
1975
18.5
Year
• All Nepal Temperature is
increasing steadily.
• 1.7°C increase between
1975 and 2005
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Temperature variation
Inter-annual variation of annual mean temperature
2.0
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
1985
1983
1981
1979
1977
-2.0
1975
S tandardiz ed anomaly
1.5
Y ear
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Increase in frequency of heavy rainfall events (> 100 mm/day)
y = 0.5997x + 61.417
Number of days with rain >= 100 mm
2
R = 0.0984
120
1987, 106
1975
100
1998
60
1982
1977
40
1992, 35
20
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
1985
1983
1981
1979
1977
1975
1973
0
1971
Days
80
Year
10
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Observed Climate Change Impact (source: DHM)
Rainfall
• Total rainfall and heavy rainfall events are increasing
• Maximum 24 hour rainfall is also increasing
Temperature
 Days and nights are both becoming warmer.
 Warm spell duration (Long hot days) is increasing
 Cool nights and cool days are becoming less frequent
Extreme Hydro-climatic Events
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Observed Climate Change Impact
Cryosphore studies in Nepal
• Glaciers of Nepal Himalayas are retreating
– Glacier lakes are forming and expanding
– Higher chances of GLOF
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X010 Glacier retreating at the rate of 10 meter
per year (Source: GEN/DHM)
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Imja Glacier Lake (DHM)
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Tsho Rolpa
Glacier Lake
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How Fast They Are Shrinking?
• Faster than the other glaciers
• Faster than the previous estimate
Dyurgerov [2002]; Fujita et al. [1997, JG; 1998; BGR; 2001, BGR]
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Climate Change Projection
Temperature Change Projection
st Century
For Late
21
Warmer Future
Model output from PRECIS run at IITM,
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Climate Change Projection- Late 21st Century
(Karmacharya, DHM)
Change in Annual Rainfall
Wetter Future
Up to 30% increase
Model output from PRECIS run at IITM,
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India
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Climate Change Projection- Late 21st Century
(Karmacharya, DHM)
Change in Seasonal Rainfall
Drier Winter
Wetter Summer
Model output from PRECIS run at IITM,
India
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(Source: Sharma, DHM)
20
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The changing scenario demands
• That a robust policy both for water resources
development and climate change adaptation
is put in place
– Especially because the climate change adaptation
is perceived as the water-related approach!
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Water Resources Strategy
• Approved by government in 2002
– National goal: “living conditions of Nepali people
are significantly improved in a sustainable
manner through the utilization of water
resources in the country”
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Phased intervention
• Short-term (2002-07): Tangible benefit s to
the people of Nepal to achieve sustainability
in basic needs fulfilment
• Medium-term (2007-17): Substantial benefit
to the people
• Long-term (2017-27): Benefits accrued till
the end of medium tem to be maximized in
sustainable manner
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Ten Strategic Outputs of WRS
• Water Security:
– Measures to manage and mitigate water induced disasters.
– Management of watersheds and aquatic eco-systems.
• Water Use:
– Adequate supply of and access to potable water and sanitation
and hygiene awareness.
– Appropriate and efficient irrigation is made available.
– Cost effective hydropower is developed in a sustainable manner.
– Economic uses of water by industries and water bodies by
tourism, fisheries and navigation are optimized.
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Remaining 4 can be grouped under
mechanism
• Enhanced water related information systems.
• Appropriate legal frameworks.
• Regional cooperation for substantial mutual
benefits.
• Appropriate institutional mechanisms for
water sector management.
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National Water Plan(2002-27)
• Approved in 2005
• Prepared to operationalize the Water
Resources Strategy.
• Doctrine of NWP: Integration, Coordination,
Decentralization, Popular Participation within
good governance and equitable distribution;
• IWRM as one of the principal themes.
• Essentially promulgated to keep the promise
made at the Rio+10 meeting in Jo’berg
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Institutions in Water Sector:
• Planning, Policy and Coordinating
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National Planning Commission
National Water Resources Development Council
Water and Energy Commission
Environment Protection Council
Ministry of Energy
Ministry of Irrigation
Ministry of Physical Planning and Works
Ministry of Environment,
Ministry of Local Development
Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation
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Implementing Agencies
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Department of Irrigation
Groundwater Resources Development Board
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
Department of Electricity Development
Department of Water Supply and Sewerage
Department of Local infrastructure Development and
Agriculture Roads
• Nepal Electricity Authority
• Nepal Water Supply Corporation
• Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board
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IWRM and River Basin Concept:
• Water and Energy Commission Secretariat
(WECS) to be transformed to WEC
• WEC as Apex Level institution in Water Sector
• WEC members in Consultative and Advisory
Committee
• Establishment of River Basin Management
Offices(RMBO):
– Koshi, Narayani and Karnali
– RBMO to be responsible for allocating waters
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Implementation Arrangement
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Legislation
• Water Resources Act and Regulation (1992)
– Umbrella legislation for hydropower, Irrigation, drinking
water and other water use
– Electricity Act and Regulation (1992)
• Legislation of Power sector emphasizing Hydropower
– Regulations under Water Resources Act
• Drinking Water Supply Regulation and Irrigation Regulation
• Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act, 1989
• Water Supply Management Board Act, 2007.
• Environmental Protection Act, 1996
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Other Policy Frameworks
• National Water Supply and Sanitation Policy,
1998
• Rural water Supply and Sanitation sector
strategy and action Plan, 2004
• National Sanitation Policy 1994
• Kathmandu Valley Strategy on Water Supply
and Sanitation
• Irrigation Policy 2003
• Hydropower Policy 1994
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Water Management and Regulatory Agencies
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Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS).
Ministry of Energy (Hydro-electricity),
Ministry of Irrigation,
Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (Drinking water),
Nepal Water Supply Corporation.
Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board.
Water Tariff Fixation Commission.
District Water Resources Committees.
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Fund Development Board
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ADAPTATION
“Adjustments in human and natural systems, in
response to actual or expected climate stimuli or their
effects, that moderate harm or exploit beneficial
opportunities”.(IPCC, 2001)
• Consist of multitude of behavioral, structural
and technological adjustments
• Adaptation measures vary in timing, scope,
purposefulness and adaptive agent
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Adaptation – 4 ‘i’s
• Information for effective planning
• Infrastructure for climate proofing
• Insurance for social risk management &
poverty
• Institutions for disaster risk management
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Adaptation within International Negotiations
 United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
 Kyoto Protocol
 Conference of Parties (CoP)
 Nairobi Work Program on Impacts,
Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate
Change
 Bali Action Plan (Bali Road Map)
 Cancun Adaptation Framework (CAF)
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National Plan and Policies
 Three-year plan (2010 – 2012)
 Climate Change National Policy 2011
 National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA)
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Three-year Plan (2010 – 2012)
• Objective
– make development activities climate friendly
– mitigate adverse impacts of climate change
– promote adaptation
• Strategy
– conduct study on climate change
– make meteorological forecast more reliable
• Responsible agency
– Ministry of Environment (MoE)
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Climate Change National Policy
• Initiate implementation of the community based
adaptation programs as prioritized in NAPA by
2012
• Seven points:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Minimize climate induced disasters and risks
Climate resilience
Access to and utilization of financial resources
Capacity building, community participation and
empowerment
5. Study and research
6. Technology development, handover and use
7. Climate friendly management of natural resources
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National Adaptation Programme of Action
(NAPA)
• Identified key adaptation needs in
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Agriculture and food security
Water resources and energy
Climate induced disasters
Forests and biodiversity
Public health
Urban settlements and infrastructure
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To sum up
• The climate change impact is already being felt in
Nepal
– Science and Research
• Science that studies the impact &/or predicts the trend is still
in its infancy (and is also poorly funded)
• Research are thematic and done for academic purposes &
don’t have feedback loops into policy/normative framework
• Advancement of operational forecasting and seasonal
prediction including severe weather warning
• End users are not fully aware of it so not able to use the
information
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To sum up
• Outreach
– efforts are few and far between
• Capacity building
– inconsistent with requirement
– Funding available is inconsistent
• There is a serious problem with the
knowledge management
– Data generation and data sharing
– Lacks even simple website that informs about
water resource sector of Nepal
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To sum up
• The goals of water resources management is far from
achieved (as of 2011):
– About 80% population has access to safe (?) drinking water (50%
of the institutionally supplied water is unsafe for human
consumption without treatment)
– 63% of the arable land is deprived of irrigation
– Only 1% of the total hydropower potentiality of 43000 MW has
yet been tapped
– 29% of all diseases-linked deaths are due to water borne diseases
– 43% of property losses are due to water-induced disasters
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Requires both thinking out of the box & country
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Thank You
UNESCO Office New Delhi