Transcript Chapter 13: Tropical Asia and Africa

Chapter 13: Tropical Asia and
Africa
What problems would arise for
people living in the tropics?
Geography
 Located on the edge of
the Sahara
 African grasslands
 Tropical rain forests
 Climate is warm year
round, there is a WET
and a DRY season
 Monsoons (seasonal
winds) affect trade and
agriculture. HOW?
Human adaptation
Societies developed based on how they
made use of plants and animals of their
physical environment
– Camels in the Sahara
– Fishing on the coasts
Ranged from hunters and gatherers to
herders
Water systems
Where water was abundant = large
populations
Constructed dams, irrigation canals, and
reservoirs
India, Cambodia, Sri Lanka constructed
huge water – control projects susceptible to
natural disaster
Mineral Resources
 Iron for agriculture,
weapons, and needles.
 Copper important to
Africa for wire and
art, also known for
gold supply.
 Metalwork provided
work for ordinary
people and supported
the economy.
New Islamic Empires
1. Mali in Western Africa
2. Delhi Sultanate in India
Islamic Mali
 Spread to Africa through peaceful conversion
and trade.
 Sundiata – Muslim leader of the Malinke people
established the Kingdom of Mali
– Controlled the gold mines of the Niger River
headwaters
 Mansa Kankan Musa – leader who went on a
pilgrimage to Mecca
 Declined in the 15th century due to rebellions
The Delhi Sultanate in India
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–
–
–
Muslim Turkish conquers took over in 1206
– 1236 by Sultan Iltutmish
Passed throne to his daughter Raziya, but
driven from power by men unwilling to
accept female leadership
Sultans ruled through terror.
Timur the Lame destroyed Delhi in 1398
Indian Ocean Trade
 Monsoon Mariners
– 1200 – 1500 by the
prosperity of Latin
Europe, Asia, and
Africa
– India to Southwest
Asia – Junks
dominated trade routes
– Each region had a
major port for trade
and supplying
particular goods
Africa; Swahili Coast and
Zimbabwe
 1500 ce = 30 to 40 city
states in Africa
 Swahili is a language that
mixes Arabic and Persian
 Kilwa – a city famous for
gold
 Zimbabwe’s economy
rested on agriculture,
cattle herding, and trade.
 Declined because of
deforestation and
overgrazing.
Arabia; Aden and the Red Sea
 Aden had enough rainfall
to produce wheat
 Central location for trade
in the Persian Gulf, East
Africa, and Egypt
 Common intterest in trade
allowed various religions
and peoples to live in
peace
India; Gujarat and the Malabar
Coast
 Gujarat exported
cotton and indigo in
return for gold and
silver
 Manufactures leather,
silk, carpet, and
textiles.
 Malabar coast
exported cotton and
spices
Southeast Asia: the Rise of
Malacca
 Strait of Malacca is a
passage from Indian
Ocean to the South
China Sea
 14th century gangs of
Chinese pirates
preyed on the strait
 1407 the Ming
Dynasty crushed the
pirates
Architecture, learning, and religion
 African and Indian mosques are an example of
the synthesis of middle eastern architecture.
 Local rock carvers in Ethiopia carved 11
churches out of solid rock.
 Spread of Islam brought literacy to Africa along
with Greek science, math, and medicine.
 Timbuktu, Delhi, and Malacca were centers of
Islamic learning.
 Islamic destruction of the last Buddhist center in
India led to the spread of Islam in India
 Islam itself changed in Africa, India, and
Indonesian societies as it spread.
Social and Gender Distinctions
 Slavery increased in Africa and India. 2.5
million African slaves were transported across
the Sahara between 1200 –1500
 Most slaves were trained for specialized work –
copper mining, while women would be
household servants and entertainers
 Large numbers of slaves meant the price was low
 Women’s status was determined by their male
masters
 Spread of Islam may have had some effect on
women’s rights.
Atlas Assignment
 TITLE = Indian Ocean Trade 600 – 1500
 Label – Strait of Malacca, Kilwa, Timbuktu,
Mogadishu, India, Delhi, Red Sea, Persian Gulf,
Gulf of Oman, South China Sea, Indian Ocean,
Egypt, Ethiopia, Mali, and Turkey.
 COLORS – Delhi Sultanate, Islamic Mali,
Southeast Asia, Islamic Middle East
 10 other symbols (like Chinese Pirates or
Monsoons)