Transcript mkg529a

CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM
THROUGH EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Mrinal K.Ghose, Ph.D, D.Sc.
Consultant : Asian Development Bank in Vietnam
113 Regent Estate , Kolkata -700092
[email protected]
2007:
• Al Gore and the U.N.'s
Intergovernmental Panel
on
Climate
Change
(Chairman Dr. Rajendra
K. Pachauri) won the
2007 Nobel Peace Prize
for efforts to spread
knowledge about global
warming.
• The level of carbon
dioxide
in
the
atmosphere
reaches
390 parts per million.
Al Gore & Dr Rajendra K. Pachauri , IPCC
Maldives
Underwater Cabinet Meeting,
17 October, 2009
• To conduct the "most
widespread
day
of
environmental action in the
planet's history" with
– rallies,
– banners on the Easter Island
states,
– underwater demonstrations,
– bike rides etc
• Top NASA climate scientist
James Hansen - says that
we have very little time to
reduce this number : 390
ppm
Clean development mechanism
• Clean development mechanism involves the sustainable
production and the creation of energy using processes and
systems that are nonpolluting.
• Conservation involves economically efficient energy, which is
safe to the workers , general communities and consumers.
• Sustainable consumption is the selection , use and disposal of
products and services in a way that conserves energy and
materials
• It minimizes the depletion of natural resources , avoids toxic
and hazardous substances , and optimizes the quality of life of
consumers
• Like sustainable production , sustainable consumption involves
meeting present needs without compromising the capacity of
future generations
• 4
Primary Energy Consumption vs. per
capita Energy consumption
16TH CONVENTION OF INDIAN GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS, FEB 2-4 2009
26-03-2016
5
About of this lecture
• This lecture begins with discussion of energy demand.
• It continues with an explanation summarizing the mechanisms
that are driving global climate change.
• It also describes some key provisions of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto
Protocol, aimed at curbing global warming.
• The discussion then highlights the impact of climate change on
energy sector and its engineering solutions like
• Clean development mechanism through efficient technologies
for sustainable energy management
• 6
What sort of development ?
• Curbing green house gas does not mean economic
slow down.
• A clean development mechanism (CDM) has been
established under Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol
• A paradigm shift is essential towards energy
production with lower environmental impacts across
their life cycle.
• By 2015, China and India will account for 25% of
world economy.
• The question is what sort of development is to be
ensured ?
• Challenge lies in de-linking economic growth and
environmental degradation.
• 7
Energy demand
•
• Of the total energy consumption , an estimated 35% is obtained
from traditional sources such as fuel wood, agricultural waste,
animal dung etc.
• Other 65%, termed as commercial energy, is obtained from coal,
oil, gas hydel, nuclear and renewable sources .
• The share of various energy sources in the primary commercial
energy consumption of the country is coal and lignite.
• These are mostly used in power stations (75%), steel plants
(6.2%), cement plants (3.6%), other industries and brick making
plants (15.2%).
• Petroleum and natural gas are mostly used for the
transportation sector
• There is a great demand and supply gap of energy in the
country, which is widening every year .
•
8
Growing energy demand
• Coal enjoys the main primary energy source status in Asia Pacific,
which comprises the largest population
•
The reserve-to-production (R/P) ratio in respect of major regions of the
globe describes the life of different fossil fuels on earth
•
The fact remains that oil and gas have limited reserves to last 41 and 67
years respectively at current production level.
• In contrast, world has a coal reserve to last 190 years at the current
production level.
• It follows that due to limited oil and gas resources, countries allover the
world will have to depend on coal in foreseeable future for their primary
energy requirement.
• 9
Order of Magnitude of Energy Resources
Global Oil Production
Survey of Energy Resources : Oil
15
11 11
91
19
Europe
North America
Asia
34
42
Middle East
Africa
9
South America
Oceania
R/P RATIO
41.2 years
RESERVES
148 Gt
PRODUCTION
3.5 Gt/year
CONSUMPTION
3.5 Gt/year
OIL RESERVES
300
120
93
100 100 97
100
200
80
80
73
150
100
50
63
60
120
100 96
75 70
38
38
2137 37 35 30
42
46
40
21 2020
20
17 19
15
20
20
17
15 1012 12 11 10 10 10 10 10
12
12
9
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66
140
Country
Reserves (Billion Barrels)
Years of Remaining Reserves
Total world proven oil reserves (2005) – 1.2 trillion barrels
Years of Reserve Remaining
250
Sa
ud
i
Reserves (Billion Barrels)
265
Survey of Energy Resources
: Natural Gas
56
>100
40
9
Europe
North America
70
Asia
57
Middle East
South America
Africa
29
Oceania
R/P RATIO
59.8 years
RESERVES
171 tcm
PRODUCTION
2.6 tcm/year
CONSUMPTION
2.6 tcm/year
Survey of Energy Resources
: Coal
247
255
258
Europe
North America
Asia
50
0.4
20
Middle East
Africa
79
South America
Oceania
RESERVES
909 Gt
PRODUCTION
4.8 Gt/year
CONSUMPTION
4.8 Gt/year
Major Comments





R/P ratio for fossil fuels:
– Oil
40 years
– Natural Gas
60 years
– Coal
200 years
Uneven distribution of strategic resources around
the world
Consumption areas do not all coincide with
production areas.
New oil discoveries have not been forthcoming
around the globe.
No shortage of global energy resources
Emission of CO2from different countries
PETRO-DIESEL CO2 CYCLE
13 pounds of fossil CO2 released per gallon burned
Fossil CO2
Release to Atmosphere
Refining
Exploration
CO2 Emissions and Projections
Source- From E. Macchi, Politechnico di Milano
27.12.2008
NESA XXI Annual
Conference
Atmosphere
Vegetation
Global cycle
Soil
Fossil Fuel
Ocean
Earth’s Temperature
Sun
Solar
Energy
Radiative
Cooling
CLIMATE CHANGE
•
•
•
•
•
Is it real?
How do we know?
Why should we care?
How sure are scientists?
What next—what can
we do?
Arctic and Antarctic aquatic ecosystems are going to be depleted
This depletion will exacerbate the effects of climate change
Dangerous Tipping Points:
Melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet
This would commit the
world to a 20 foot increase
in sea level.
CHANGES IN WIND PATTERN
Warming of the oceans will increase the frequency of storms and hurricanes
Draught
Coal as the prime energy source
• Globally, the coal accounts for 26% of the primary energy
consumption, whereas in India, it has a share of 46%.
• In respect of generation of power, the share of coal on global
basis is 36% and in Indian context it is 65%
•
Growth of Indian economy would lead automatically to growth
in energy consumption.
• The World Energy Outlook forecasts that India would face high
demand of energy in future and coal alone will meet its needs.
• 32
Why India Should take part? Electricity
Generation – World and India
Renewables
7.7%
Nuclear
2.8%
Hydro
25.3%
Oil & N. Gas
7.0%
World
India
27.12.2008
NESA XXI Annual
Conference
The share of various energy sources :
• Coal and lignite 56%; Petroleum 32%; Natural gas, 8%; Hydel 3% and
Nuclear and renewable 1%.
• Coal and lignite are mostly used in power stations (75%), steel plants
(6.2%), cement plants (3.6%), and other industries and brick making
plants (15.2%).
• Of the installed generating capacity , major share was thermal (71%),
followed by hydel (25%) and the remaining 4% on nuclear and
renewable.
• The demand for the coal by the power sector was 317 Mt in 2006-07 and
it would be 469Mt in 2011-12 .
• Therefore, there is need to bring about quantum jump in domestic coal
production so that plenty of coal is available for domestic consumption
•
34
Commercial Energy Mix: Indian
Scenario (Source: Integrated Energy Policy Report, Planning
commission of India)
16TH CONVENTION OF INDIAN GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS, FEB 2-4 2009
26-03-2016
35
Concern over global warming
• The average surface temperature is maintained relatively
comfortable 150C because of an atmospheric greenhouse effect
• CO2 reabsorb much of the outgoing radiation and reradiate
about half of it back to the surface.
• Were this not the case , the surface temperature would be
around –180C
• It has become quite concerned about the possibility of
significant changes in global climate
• Most models predict global warming at least 3-5.50C occurring
over a period of just few decades
• Such warming have profound effects on rainfall, plant growth,
and sea levels, which might rise as much as much as 0.5-1.5
meters.
• Severe draught conditions resulting from climatic warming
could cut down substantially on CO2 uptake by plants.
•
36
Impact of climate change
• Warmer conditions will would accelerate release of both CO2 and
CH4 by microbiological biodegradation of organic matter
• The plant and animal pests-insects, and rodents would thrive much
better in warmer conditions..
• Interestingly, acid-rain forming SO2 may have a counteracting effect
on greenhouse gases .
• The consequences of such an increase in average global
temperatures within 100 years would be disastrous.
• The IPCC estimates a sea level rise of 65 cm by the year 2100
putting millions of people and million square kilometers of land at
risk of submergence.
• Stretches of low lying areas will submerge and about sixty odd
island countries shall face deep encroachment by sea water and
some may disappear.
• Changes in surface temperatures have profound effects on the
water cycle and regional precipitation, evaporation and storm
patterns.
Kyoto Protocol
• Kyoto Protocol of 1997 has brought to the surface a sharp
differences in approach to the problem amongst major
industrialized countries.
• U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was
adopted in New York in May 1992 and signed at the Rio Summit
in June 1992.
• India ratified the UNFCCC in November 1993, and after
ratification by sufficient number of countries, the convention
came into force from 21st March 1994
• The main objective of UNFCCC is stabilization of greenhouse
gas (GHG) concentrations
• UNFCCC established a Conference of Parties (CoP) as the
supreme body of the convention
• At the first CoP meeting, the developed country parties agreed
to start negotiations to arrive at quantitative CO2 emission
ceilings within specified time frames of 10-15 or 20 years.
• 38
Conflicts over Kyoto Protocol
• The per capita CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use in China and
India, are much lower at 2.76 and 1.16 tonnes compared to the
world average per capita value of 3.9 tonnes .
• The Kyoto Protocol was negotiated at the 3rd CoP meeting in
1997and has come into force on 16th February, 2005.
• USA accounting for 24 per cent of the global emissions from
fossil fuel use and with a per capita value of 20.1 tonnes has
not yet ratified the Kyoto Protocol
• USA has refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol citing that China
and India, have been left out of the requirement
• The Protocol sets binding obligations on the industrialized
developed countries to reduce their GHG emissions by at least
5 per cent below 1990 levels by the year 2012.
• 39
GHG emission reduction
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Enhancement of efficiency in production, distribution and
consumption of energy.
Development of renewable energy sources.
Protection and enhancement of sinks of GHGs and
sequestration of CO2 in coal seams and underground
geological formations including oil and gas reserves.
Emissions trading, joint implementation and clean
development mechanism.
A clean development mechanism (CDM) has been
established under Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol through
which joint implementation between developed and
developing countries of GHG mitigation projects in
developing countries would occur.
Imposition of tax on fossil fuel use, provision of tax credit for
energy efficient vehicles and equipment, incentives for
switching over to renewable energy sources etc.
40
Carbon emission
• Coal India Limited has prepared a 'Coal
Vision 2025 that shows coal demand will
increase from 460 Mt in 2006-07 to 1147 Mt in
2024-25 and over 71% of this demand would
be for power generation.
• The CO2 emission from India is likely to go
up at a rate of 5 to 6 percent in this scenario
and is a matter of great concern to the
environmentalists throughout the world.
• For reduction of CO2 emission the following
CDM are proposed
• 41
Mine technology
• Employing high capacity equipment will need to be used for
higher productivity
• The obsolete equipment would be replaced by higher capacity
state- of- the art technology equipment to reduce operating
costs.
• Full Maintenance contracts with OEMs to ensure higher
availability and low downtime of equipment.
• The operations must be directed and controlled by the G PS
based networked software system.
• All such actions for improving effectiveness of opencast
technology need to be guided by the international benchmarks.
• The present mix of manual, semi-mechanized and mechanized
u/g mines needs to change in favor of 100% mechanized mines
.
• Technologies such as powered support long wall; continuous
miners must be explored where geo- technical characteristics
permit so.
• 42
Coal bed methane (CBM)
:Co-benefits
• The CBM industry is basically an outgrowth of petroleum
industry.
• Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, as its adverse impacts
are felt more intensely due to its shorter residence and higher
potency in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide.
• Methane is associated with coal as a byproduct of the coal
formation process.
• It is trapped in coal beds and released during and after mining.
• This methane does cause disasters in underground coalmines.
• If effectively recovered, coal bed methane associated with coal
reserves and emitted during coal mining could be a significant
potential source of energy.
• It is well known that coal is formed due to bio conversion of
fossilized organic matter,
• In the process of coal formation, anaerobic conditions led to
generation and trapping of methane in this coal seams.
• The pressure exerted by naturally formed water keeps the
methane" absorbed" on internal surfaces of coal.
• 43
Underground coal gasification
--a neglected option in India
• There is an urgent need to explore alternative methods
for commercial extraction of those coal resources
• One solution is underground coal gasification (UCG).
• This is a viable means to exploit the deep seated,
remotely located and uneconomical coal resources with
lower cost.
• UCG also has the potential to work offshore coal
reserves where traditional mining methods are
inapplicable.
• UCG employs a series of wells to convert in situ coal
into product gas (syn gas), thus eliminating the expense
of mining and reclamation.
• The technology is based on the management of
underground gasifiers without making mines.
• 44
Clean coal technologies
• Clean coal technologies have been put in four main categories
• (i) Pre-combustion clean coal technologies include
beneficiation of coal, desulfurisation of coal, blending or
homogenization of coal.
• (ii) During-combustion clean coal technologies are fluidized bed
combustion, staged combustion, low NOx burners, boiler tuning
for efficient and optimized combustion, super critical and ultra
super critical boilers
• (iii) Post-combustion clean coal technologies involve flue gas
desulfurisation (FGD), flue gas denitrogenation, catalytic
reduction of NOx, plasma reduction or selective catalytic
reduction
• (iv) Advanced clean coal technologies are Integrated
Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power generation,
Power plant optimization
• Power plant performance improvement component
is to support and prepare public and private power
plant operators
• Main emphasis is to be given to energy performance
assessment, education, training and awareness
building
• Energy efficient technologies, followed by enhanced
investment in energy efficient industrial plant
technologies
• Increased competitiveness of industry and
commerce through reduction of energy cost.
• 46
Conclusion
• There is an urgent need to adopt CDM in Mining Technology and
clean coal technology for meeting the energy security
• The use of ultra clean coal in gas turbines directly will enhance
efficiency of power generation to 52-55% from the existing
efficiency of pulverized coal power generation of 30-38%
• There is an urgent need for power plant optimization by using
the least amount of energy to provide services and coming
down energy losses
• In the field of energy production, the choice should be made to
adopt less emission producing and more energy efficient
technologies such as carbon sequestration, integrated
gasification combined cycle, fuel cell etc.
• Clean development mechanisms proposed here can meet the
energy security in a sustainable manner.
Climate Change
‘Climate change poses a great challenge
to our development prospects…....we
need global response, a national
response and a local response’
-------Hon. Dr. Manmohan
Singh
Prime Minister of
India
27.12.2008
NESA XXI Annual
Conference
The most beautiful thing…
Is to see a person smiling &
Even more beautiful…
Is knowing that you are the reason
behind it.
Be a reason for others to SMILE
PROTECT OUR PLANET EARTH
Thank you
for your kind
attention!!