Transcript Clover_Chapter 05_Finalx

Chapter 5
Infection Control and Bloodborne Pathogens
The Infection Cycle
• Infection cycle: chain of events allowing a pathogen to infect a host:
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Pathogen is present
Reservoir host
Portal of exit
Route of transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible host
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Breaking the Chain of Infection
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Spread of disease can be stopped by removing any link in the chain
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Kill the bacteria before it enters the host.
Change the environment in which the bacteria lives.
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If it needs moisture, keep the area clean and dry.
If it requires certain temperature, raise the temperature to kill the bacteria.
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Preventing the Spread of Infection
• Wash hands frequently.
• Wear gloves and other protective clothing (e.g., gowns, goggles,
masks).
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When the possibility of exposure to blood or other bodily fluid exists
When working on patients who may be infectious
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Preventing the Spread of Infection
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Keep immunizations up-to-date, especially hepatitis vaccinations.
Keep uniforms clean and dry.
Keep braces and pads clean and dry.
Shower after all games and practices, and use a clean, dry towel.
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Preventing the Spread of Infection
• Do not share bar soaps, razors, or anything that comes in contact
with you unless it has been cleaned properly.
• Make sure equipment is cleaned properly.
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Medical Asepsis
(Clean Technique)
• Refers to practices and procedures that are designed to ensure a
clean environment by removing or destroying disease-causing
microorganisms
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Steps in Clean Technique
• Perform adequate hand washing.
• Wear a clean uniform.
• Do not touch your face with your hands after working with a
patient.
• Hold contaminated items away from your body.
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Surgical Asepsis
(Sterile Technique)
• Sterile technique is used:
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Whenever the skin is broken open
When a normally sterile body cavity is entered
During the treatment of open wounds
To decontaminate items between patients
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Hand Washing:
The Key to Clean Technique
• Hand washing must be done at the following times:
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When first arriving at work
Before performing each medical procedure on a patient
During a procedure if hands become contaminated
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Hand Washing:
The Key to Clean Technique
• Hand washing must be done at the following times:
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Between each patient for whom medical care is provided
After using the restroom
After removing gloves
Before eating
• Use hand sanitizer where facilities for proper hand
washing are not available.
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Using Gloves to Protect Yourself and
Others
• Wear gloves whenever blood or body fluids are
present, or if there is potential for them to be present.
• Carry the gloves with you at all times when on duty.
• You will always need to remove your contaminated
gloves correctly and dispose of them properly.
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Removing Blood-Stained Clothing
• Remove blood-stained clothing from the body as soon as possible.
• Hold stained clothing away from the body.
• Hydrogen peroxide and other blood-removal products can be used
to remove blood from clothing.
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Removing Blood-Stained Clothing
• Remove a bloody shirt from an athlete by rolling it up to conceal the
bloody area.
• Then, carefully pull it over the head, avoiding contact with the head.
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If these methods fail, clothing may need to be cut from the body to reduce
risk of contamination.
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Removing Blood-Stained Clothing
• If the blood stain is removed, the athlete may return to play in that
piece of clothing.
• Note that removal of the red stain does not guarantee removal of
the contaminants.
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Final decision is up to the sports medicine professional and the officials
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Avoiding Contaminated Sharps
• All needles, scalpel blades, and other sharp objects should be
disposed of in the proper puncture-resistant container.
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Colors of these containers may vary; most of them will be either red or
beige.
Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the proper filling, sealing, and
disposal of this container.
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Reducing the
Risk of Puncture Wounds
• Never recap, bend, or manually remove a dirty needle.
• Always deposit the entire syringe and needle or sharp object in the
puncture-resistant container.
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Reducing the
Risk of Puncture Wounds
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Immediately clean a puncture wound with alcohol and betadine
and cover the wound.
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Report the incident to a supervisor or instructor.
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Reducing the
Risk of Puncture Wounds
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Never carry needles or sharp objects from one location to another
with the tips pointing toward other people or yourself.
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Point them toward the floor.
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Hepatitis
• Hepatitis is a disease that results in inflammation of the liver.
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Many different agents can cause hepatitis.
Two most common types that can be contracted from patients and
transmitted (transferred) to another are hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C
(HCV)
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HIV and AIDS
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that can lead to
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Transmission of HIV in athletics is minimal
• Follow Universal Precautions
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Universal Precautions
• Wear gloves whenever contact with blood, body secretions, or
broken skin may occur. Do not re-use gloves!
• Wear protective eyewear and a mask during any procedures that
may expose you to splattering blood or other body fluids.
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Universal Precautions
• Wear disposable gowns if blood or body fluids may splatter.
• Thoroughly wash your hands and other skin surfaces immediately
following contamination.
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Universal Precautions
• Avoid giving direct mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; instead, use the
mouth-to-mask method, resuscitator bags, and other available
equipment.
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Keep an airway nearby when working in a health care environment.
• Avoid direct patient contact if you have open wounds or other skin
conditions.
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Universal Precautions
• Wash your hands after each patient contact and after removing
gloves.
• Carefully and properly dispose of all sharp objects (needles, scalpel
blades, etc.) in appropriate puncture-resistant containers.
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Do not recap, bend, break, or manually remove needles!
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Universal Precautions
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If stuck by a used needle, clean the area with betadine, fill out the
necessary forms to notify supervisors of the needle stick, and get
a blood test for hepatitis and AIDS.
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Skin Infections
• Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA);
“super bug”
• Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)
• Tinea corporis (ringworm)
• Herpes
• Papillomavirus (warts)
• Impetigo
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If an unfamiliar skin condition is
encountered, play it safe and
send the affected individual to a
physician.
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OSHA
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration
• Main federal agency in charge of the enforcement
of safety and health legislation
• Enacted Occupations Safety and Health Act in 1970
• Provides enforcement, assistance, cooperation
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OSHA
• Promotes workplace safety and health
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Completes worksite inspections
Establishes rights and responsibilities for employees and employers
Establishes record-keeping and reporting requirements for employers
Develops training plans for occupational safety and health personnel
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