Transcript Grammar Unit

Grammar Unit
English 10 CP
Chapters 18-22
Agreement
 Subjects are closely related to verbs, and a careful
speaker makes them agree with each other by
matching verb forms to subject forms.
 Pronouns and their antecedents are closely related as
well and are made to agree with each other by
matching forms.
Selecting Verbs that Agree
with Subjects
 Example:
 Neither of the coats on display (is, are) the color I want.
 Answer: is
On page 445 part A please answer 1-10
On page 446 part B please answer 11-20
Singular & Plural Number
 When a word refers to one person or thing, it is singular
in number. When a word refers to more than one, it is
plural in number.
 The boldfaced words below agree.
 One of the players was not wearing his glove (singular).
 Several of the players were not wearing their gloves
(plural).
 Complete exercise 1 on pg 447.
Singular/Plural Verbs
 Singular subjects take singular verbs:
 Marcia attends college, but Laura goes to computer
school.
 Plural Subjects take plural verbs.
 Example: Marcia and Laura attend college, but the other
girls do not.
In general, nouns ending in s are plural (aunts, uncles,
towns, crimes), but verbs ending in s are singular (gives,
takes, does, has is). Singular I and you, however,
generally take verbs that do not end in s (I think, you
think, I am, you are).
Selecting Verbs that Agree
with Their Subjects:
 Pg. 449 Exercise 3
 Pg. 452 Exercise 5
The Compound Subject
 Most compound subjects joined by and take a plural verb.
 Examples: Ramon and she like hiking.
Her Brother and her cousin are teachers.
The mother dog and her puppy sleep here.
A few compound subjects joined by and name a single
person or thing and therefore take a singular verb.
Examples: Pork and beans goes well with hot dogs
(one dish).
Rock and roll is here to stay. (one kind of music.
Singular/Plural Subjects
 When a singular and plural subject are joined by or or
nor, the verb agrees with the nearer subject.
 Examples:
 Either Horace or his aunts were up to something strange.
(aunts were)
 Neither the potatoes nor the roast seems done (roast
seems).
 Pg. 454 Exercise 8
Other Problems in Agreement
 Collective nouns may be either singular or plural.
 When you are in doubt at times about the number of a word that
names a group of persons or objects it is a collective noun.
 A collective noun is singular and takes a singular verb when the
group is thought of as a unit or whole.
 A collective noun is plural and takes a plural verb when the group
are thought of as individuals acting separately. Student the
following pairs of sentences.
 The class has a substitute teacher. (class is thought of as a unit)
 The class were disagreeing with one another about their answers.
(Class is thought of as a number of individuals).
Writing sentences with verbs
that agree with sub.
 Exercise 10 pg. 456 1-10
Verb Agreement with PN
 In the following examples the subject is marked S and
the predicate nominative PN.
 Examples: The greatest threat to campers is bear
Bears are the greatest threat to campers.
The main ingredient of my hot sauce is jalapeno
peppers.
Subject/Verb Agreement
 When the subject follows the verb, as in sentences
beginning with there and here, be careful to anticipate
the subject, and make sure that the verb agrees with it.
 PG. 457:Exercise 11
Agreement:
 Words stating amount are usually singular.
 Example:
 Two years is a long time.
 Fifty cents was the price
 Ninety percent of the student body is present.
When the sense of the sentence indicates that the subject
designates a collection of individual parts rather than a single
unit or quantity, the verb must be plural in number.
 Example:
 Sixty short minutes fly by.
 Three quarters were in my pocket.
 Ninety percent of the students are present today.
Other Agreement Rules:
 Every or many a before a word or a series of words is
followed by a singular verb.
 The title of a work of art, literature, or music, even when
plural, takes a singular verb.
 Don’t and doesn't’’ must agree with their subject.
Exercises for Review
 Exercise 12: pg. 458
 Using Don’t and Doesn’t Correctly
 Exercise 13: pg. 459
 Selecting Verbs that Agree with their subjects.
Take Home Test: To complete Agreement Packet for a
grade. Due on Monday.
Case Forms of Personal
Pronouns
 Personal pronouns change form in the different
persons.
 First person is the person speaking: I (We) do
 Second person is the person spoken to: You were doing
 Third person is a person or thing other than the speaker
or the person spoken to: He (she, it, they_ will do.
 Look at graphs on page 470 to notice nominative,
objective, and possessive case.
Pronoun Usage: pg 468
 A small number of pronouns have three forms, or cases;
 A nominative form that is used when the pronoun is a subject or
predicate nominative.
 Ex: We heard from Sheila
 Ex: She is staying Ohio.
 Objective form that is used when it is a direct or indirect object.
 Ex: I wrote to her
 Ex: Sheila phoned me
 Possessive form that is used to show ownership or relationship.
 Her vacation is almost over
 She is at their farm.
Diagnostic Test
Subject Complement:
Predicate nominative (review)
 All complements follow a linking verb.
 If the subject complement is a noun or a pronoun, it is a
predicate nominative.
 Explain the subject or give another name for the subject.
 The caterpillar becomes a butterfly.
 Ms. Hayes is our teacher
A sentence may contain a compound predicate
nominative.
P.N.Ex. Our teacher is Ms.
Hayes or Ms. Rose.
 .
Agreement of Pronoun and
Antecedent
 Personal Pronouns (I, you, he, etc.) have matching forms
that must agree with their antecedents. The antecedent is
the word to which a pronoun refers.
 A pronoun agrees with it’s antecedent in gender and
number.
 Most nouns name persons or things that may be either
masculine or feminine in the English language.
 Personal pronouns usually match the gender of their
antecedents.
Exercise 3, 5 (page 472,473)
A Predicate Nominative is in
the Nominative Case…
 A predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun in the
predicate that explains or renames the subject of the
sentence.
 Look at graphs on page 473
Nominative Case
 The subject of a verb is in the nominative case.
 Ex: Both he and I solved the problem (he and I are
subjects of the verb solved.
 Her brothers and she cleaned the house (she is the
subject of cleaned.)
 They knew we were going (they is the subject of knew,
and we is the subject of were going).
Read page 471 Example paragraphs & 473 Usage Note
Complete exercise’s 3,4,5
Objective Case
 The pronouns: me, him, her, us, and them are in the
objective case. These pronouns are used as direct and
indirect objects and as objects of prepositions.
 Example:
 Our coach has been training us (direct object.)
 I paid him a compliment (indirect object)
Read paragraph on page 475 below examples
Complete Exercises: 7
Review Exercise’s B, C
Objective Case: Rules to
remember
 A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and
ends with a noun or pronoun that is the object of the
preposition.
 When the object of a preposition is a pronoun it must
be in the objective case.
 Example: to them, for you and us, with him
 Example: We spoke with Gwen and (she, her).
Who and Whom?
 http://web.ku.edu/~edit/whom.html
Capitalization
 Capital letters are used to individualize what you are
writing about.
 Complete diagnostic test on page 549.
Rules of Capitalization
 Capitalize the first word of every sentence.
 Capitalize the pronoun I and the interjection O
 Capitalize proper nouns and proper adjectives
 Exercise 1,2 (553)
Notes on Capitalization
 DO NOT: democratic, republican, socialist when referring to society
instead of democratic party.
 Republican party
 Republican Party (both correct. )
DO NOT : hotel, theater, college, high school unless proper names.
- The Roosevelt Hotel
Marietta College
DO NOT: capitalize the names of seasons: summer, spring, winter, fall
DO NOT: capitalize names that follower brands.
Ritz crackers
Haagen-Dazs ice cream
DO NOT: capitalize sun, moon, earth.
DO NOT: capitalize senior, junior, sophomore, freshman
DO NOT: do not capitalize the names of school subjects, except names of
languages and course names followed by a number.
Capitalization Notes
 Capitalize words showing family relationship when used with
a person’s name but not when preceded by a possessive
(these are capitalize when used in place of a person’s name
like “hello Father”.
 Examples: Aunt Edit, Uncle Fred, my brother Bob,
Grandmother Bechtel.
 Capitalize first and last words an all important words in titles
of books, periodicals, poems, stories, movies, television
series, painting and other works of art.
 Capitalize God except when it refers to the gods of ancient
mythology and all words referring to God. Father, Lord, His
will ect.