Transcript I 语言学导论

语言学知识点
I
语言学导论
II 语言学主要分支学科
III 语言学的流派和理论
I 语言学导论
1. design feature of language
（语言的定义特征）
2. Language Families (世界语言分类)
3. important distinctions in linguistics
(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)
4. scope of linguistics
(语言学的研究范围)
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1. design feature of language（语言的定义特征)
defining properties of human language that
distinguish it from any animal system of
communication
1. design feature of language
语言定义特征
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1)Arbitrariness（任意性）
2)Duality(二层性)
3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)
4)Displacement（移位性）
5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
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1）Arbitrariness(任意性):
定义：the forms of linguistic signs bear no
natural relationship to their meaning.
举例：
书, book, livre
喜欢，like，aimer
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2）Duality（二层性）:
定义：the property of having two levels of
structures, such that units of the primary level
are composed of elements of the secondary level.
举例： Sounds > syllables > words > phrases
> clauses > sentences> texts/discourses
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3） Creativity/Productivity（创造性）:
定义：Language can be used to create new
meanings because of its duality
举例1：/k/ ,/a:/, /p/---- carp or park
举例2：England, defeated, France
England defeated France.
France defeated England.
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4）Displacement（替代性）:
定义：Human languages enable their users to
symbolize something which are not present at
the moment of communication.
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5） Cultural Transmission（文化传递性）:
定义：language is passed on from generation to
generation through teaching and learning rather
than instinct.
反例：印度狼孩
3. Design feature 定义特征
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1)Arbitrariness（任意性）
2)Duality(二层性)
3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)
4)Displacement（移位性）
5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
如何记忆: 五性，创意遗传
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4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics
(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)
1) descriptive & prescriptive
2) synchronic & diachronic
3) langue & parole
4) competence & performance
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1) Descriptive （描述性） vs. Prescriptive
（规定性）
Descriptive: describing how things are.
prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to be
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
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举例：
Don't say X.
People don't say X.
The first is a prescriptive command, while the
second is a descriptive statement.
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2). Synchronic（共时性） vs. Diachronic （历
时性）
synchronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of
observation.
diachronic: the study of a language through the
course of its history.
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举例：
研究1800年的英语发音
Synchronic studies (共时性研究)
研究1800-1900的法语语法变化
Diachronic studies (历时研究)
2. 世界语言分类
Language family 语系
印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语
系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系
language group 语族
印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语
族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗
印度语族
Language branch 语支
日耳曼语族下分东日耳曼语支，西
日耳曼支，北日耳曼语支
2. 世界语言分类
Language family 语系
印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语
系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系
language group 语族
印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语
族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗
印度语族
Language branch 语支
日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日
耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支
Indo-European
language family
印欧语系
Germanic group
Celtic group
Roman group
Slavic group
日耳曼语族
凯尔特语族
罗曼语族
斯拉夫语族
West Branch
North Celtic group
West Roman Group
West Slavic group
西日耳曼语支
北凯尔特语支
西罗曼语支
斯拉夫语西支
英语，德语
爱尔兰语，盖尔语
法语，西班牙语等
波兰语，捷克语
North Branch
瑞典语，丹麦语--
South Celtic group
南凯尔特语支
威尔士语
东支
罗马尼亚语
东支
俄语
Important Distinctions in
Linguistics
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3). langue（语言） & parole （言语）
Theorist：Saussure（索绪尔）, father of
modern linguistics
langue: abstract linguistic system
parole: actual realization of langue
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
 举例：
 汉语系统
 langue
 每个中国人在不同具体场景
中说出的具体话语
 parole
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
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4) Competence（语言能力） and performance
（语言运用）
theorist: Chomsky(乔姆斯基)
competence: user's knowledge
of rules about the linguistic system.
performance: the actual
realization of this knowledge in concrete
situations.
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5. Scope of Linguistics (语言学的研究范围)
1）按研究内容来分
2）按研究导向来分
语言学分类-按研究内容分
Linguistics
Microlinguistics
语言内部问题
Macrolinguistics
语言与外部世
界关系问题
语言学分类-按研究内容分
MicroLinguistics
sound
word
sentence
meaning
Phonetics
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
(语音学)
（形态学）
（句法学）
（语义学）
Phonology
（音系学）
Pragmatics
(语用学)
Macro-linguistics
Language & Society
Language & Mind
Sociolinguistics
Psycholinguistics
社会语言学
心理语言学
Language & Culture
Language &
Computer
anthropological
linguistics
Computational
Linguistics
人类语言学
计算机语言学
语言学分类-按研究导向分
Linguistics
Theoretical
Linguistics
Linguistic nature,
universal rules
Applied
Linguistics
language acquisition,
teaching, assessment
语言学分类-按研究内容分
MicroLinguistics
sound
word
sentence
meaning
Phonetics
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
(语音学)
（形态学）
（句法学）
（语义学）
Phonology
（音系学）
Pragmatics
(语用学)
语言学分类-按研究内容分
MicroLinguistics
sound
word
sentence
meaning
Phonetics
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
(语音学)
（形态学）
（句法学）
（语义学）
Phonology
（音系学）
Pragmatics
(语用学)
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考点:
1.语音学(phonetics)和音系学(phonology)的定
义和区别
2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音
3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征
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Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human
languages: how they are produced, transmitted
and how they are received.
Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds
in a language form patterns and how these
sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic
communication.
区别: meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的
语音）
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举例:
too 和 tea 中的 /t/
发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部
发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部
语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系
学不研究
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Phonetics studies how speech sounds are
produced, transmitted, and perceived.
语音学分类
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articulatory phonetics(发音语音学): speaker’s
production
acoustic phonetics（声学语音学）:
transmission’s medium
auditory phonetics(听觉语音学): receiver’s
reception
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如何记忆phonetics和phonolgy的区别:
联想: mathematics, physics, mechanics
phonetics 语言学，-ics科学性更强
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geology, sociology, astrology
phonology 音系学，-ology人文性更强
How speech
sounds are
made
Speech organs
Position of the vocal folds(声带):
voicing(浊音) and voiceless (清音)
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Voiceless(清音)：vocal cords are drawn wide
apart, letting the air stream go through without
causing obstruction
清音举例：[p,s,t]
Voicing/Voiced（浊音）：vocal cords held
together, letting the air stream vibrates
浊音: [b,z,d]
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The distinction between vowels and
consonants lies in the obstruction of
airstream.
As there is no obstruction of air in the
production of vowels, the description of the
consonants and vowels cannot be done
along the same lines.
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音系学定义：study of how speech sounds in a
language form patterns and how these sounds
are used to convey meaning in linguistic
communication.
音系学重要概念:
phone音子，
phoneme音位 (音系研究的基本单位)
supra-segmental features超音段特征
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Phone(音子)：a phonetic unit; the speech
sounds we hear and produce during
communication are all phones
举例:
too 和 tea 中的 /t/
发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部
发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部
所以too 和 tea 中的 /t/两个不同的音子
Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract
unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit
of sound in a language which can distinguish
two words.
举例：
tea 和 sea, /t/和/s/是两个不同的音位
morpheme
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What is the point of departure of phonology?
A. phone B. sound C. voice D. phoneme
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What is the point of departure of phonology?
A. phone B. sound C. voice D. phoneme(音位)
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What is the point of departure of phonetics?
A. phone B. sound C. voice D. phoneme
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What is the point of departure of phonetics?
A. phone B. sound C. voice D. phoneme
Suprasegmental features (超音段
特征)
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Suprasegmental features: phonemic features
that occur above the level of the segments .
The principal suprasegmentals are:
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Supra-segmental features (超音段特征)：
stress （重音）
举例: perfect (adj) 和 perfect (v)
tone (声调)/pitch (音高):
定义: sound feature which are caused by the
differing rate of vibration of the vocal folds.
举例: mā妈, má麻, mă马， mà骂
比较：英语单词，如me
intonation （语调）：pitch, stress, and sound
length are tied to the sentence rather than the
word in isolation.
举例:
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Morphology 形态学
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1. 学科定义
2. 语素的定义和分类
3. 词的分类（classification of words）
形态学研究的基本单位
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1. morpheme(语素）. The most basic element
of meaning in language，an element that
cannot be further divided into smaller units
without altering its meaning.
举例：
ball
football
balls
Morpheme
语素
Free morpheme
Bound morpheme
自由语素
粘附语素
Derivational
morpheme
定义：constitute
words by
themselves
举例：
派生语素
定义：change
lexical meaning
定义: not occur by
themselves
Inflectional
morpheme
屈折语素
定义：change
grammatical
meaning
girl, book, dog
举例：
Dis-, co-, -ful, -en
举例: -s, -ed, ing,,er, est
Types of Morphemes
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Free morphemes vs. Bound morphemes（自
由语素和黏着语素）:
Free morphemes: those that may constitute
words by themselves, eg boy, girl, table, nation.
 Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur
alone, eg -s, -ed, dis-, un-.
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Types of Bound Morpheme
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Inflectional morpheme (屈折语素)=inflectional
affix(屈折词缀)：change the grammatical
meaning (number, aspect, case, tense)
Derivational morpheme（派生语素）
=inflectional affix (派生词缀）: change the
lexical meaning
dis+like+s
derivational
free inflectional morpheme
light+en+ed
free
derivational inflectional morpheme
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Derivational morpheme(改变词义):
改变词义：dis-, un-, multi-, micro改变词性：en-, -full, -ment
Inflectional morpheme（改变语法含义）:
改变名称的性，数，格：-ess, -s,
改变动词的时, 态，体: -ing, -ed,
改变形容词的级：-er, -est
词的分类-按构词法分
Compound
word
Simple
word
合成词
简单词
Derivational
word
派生词
word
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如何区分派生词（derivational word）和 合
成词(compound word) : 拆开后看各个组成的
语素能否都单独成词，如果可以，就是合
成词，如果不能就是派生词。
Businessman: business + man
Playboy: play + boy
Mouthful: mouth + ful
Lighten: light + en
词的分类-按词义分
word
Grammatical word
Lexical word
语法词 （function
word 功能词）
词汇词 （content
word 实义词）
定义：表达语法
意义，连接
定义：表达实际
意义（物质，动
作和性质）的词
举例：prep介词，
conj连词，art冠词，
pronoun代词
举例：n名词，v
动词，adj形容词，
adv副词
词的分类-按开放性分
Open class word
开放词类
定义：不断有新
词进入
举例：noun, adj,
verb, adv
word
Closed-class word
封闭词类
定义：基本没有
新词进入
举例: preposition,
conjunction,
article, pronoun
词的分类-按在句子重要性分
词类
Major part of
speech
Minor part
of speech
Noun
Verb
Adjective
adverb
preposition
Article
Conjunction
Auxiliary
名词
动词
形容词
副词
介词
冠词
连词
助动词
分类方法
简单词: dislike, light
按构词法分
派生词: dislike, lighten
合成词: cat-like, light-weight
语法词 : 冠, 介，代，连词
按词义分
词汇词: 名，动，形，副
开放词:名，动，形，副
按开放性分
封闭词:冠, 介，代，连词
主要词类:名，动，形，副, 介
按在句中重要性分
次要词类：冠，代，连词
Syntax 句法
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考点
1. 定义
2. 句法范畴
3. 句子类型
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1. Syntax定义：: studies internal structure of
sentence and rules of sentence-formation
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Category(范畴): a group of linguistic items
which fulfill the same or similar functions in a
particular language such as sentence, a noun
phrase or a verb (起相同作用的一类语言单
位)
Syntactical category(句法范畴): a group of
linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar
functions in sentence-formation. （在句子构成
中起相同作用的一类语言单位）
Syntactical category(句法范畴)
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Word-----------lexical category
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Phrase---------phrasal category
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Clause---------clausal category
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Sentence
Lexical Category 词法范畴
=Parts of Speech 词类
Lexical
category
Major part of
speech
Minor part
of speech
Noun
Verb
Adjective
adverb
preposition
Article
Conjunction
Auxiliary
名词
动词
形容词
副词
介词
冠词
连词
助动词
分类方法
简单词: dislike, light
按构词法分
派生词: dislike, lighten
合成词: cat-like, light-weight
语法词 : 冠, 介，代，连词
按词义分
词汇词: 名，动，形，副
开放词:名，动，形，副
按开放性分
封闭词:冠, 介，代，连词
主要词类/范畴:名，动，形，副, 介
按在句中重要性分
次要词类/范畴：冠，代，连词
phrase
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specifier
a
head
complement
car
five meters away
Sentence Types(句子类型)
simple
Sentence
complex
non-simple
compound
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4. 句子分类：
Simple sentence 简单句
Coordinate sentence 并列句
Complex sentence 复杂句
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simple sentence 简单句
定义：also called independent clause, contains
a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete
thought.
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练习：
Jim and Mike play football every afternoon.
(simple sentence)
Mary goes to the library and studies every day.
(coordinate sentence)
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coordinate sentence并列句: contains two
independent clauses joined by a coordinator(并
列连词) such as and, or, but etc. Coordinators are
often preceded by a comma.
例句:
I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to
speak English.
Lily went to play football, but Maria went
shopping.
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You have to do it one way or the other.
Simple sentence
The workers were cheerful, or at least they
appeared to be cheerful.
Coordinate sentence
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complex sentence
定义：A complex sentence has an independent
clause joined with one or more dependent
clauses by one or more subordinators(从属连词)
such as if, when, because, althoug.
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As he is growing old, he seldom goes out.
He is growing old, whereas he becomes healthier.
如何区分并列和复杂句---看连词表示的关系
并列，选择和转折关系---并列句
时间，条件，原因和让步关系---复杂句
Semantics
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考点：
1. 定义：study of meaning
2. 两种基本意义：reference指称和sense涵义
3. 五种词语语义关系
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Ludwig Wittgenstein: ‘The meaning of a
word is its use in the language’.
Meaning is studied by making detailed
analyses of the way words and sentences are
used in specific contexts.
Reference（指称）: how language refers to the
real physical world (语言指代外部物质世界)
 Sense（涵义）: inherent meaning of the
linguistic form. It is abstract and the meaning
dictionary compilers are interested in. (语言形
式的内在意义)
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concept
symbolizes
symbol
(word)
refers to
stands for
referent
(object)
dog
Sense:
a domesticated canine mammal
Reference:
Synonymy 同义
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Synonymy 同义: sameness or similarity of
meaning. Words that are close in meaning are
called synonyms.
同义分类举例
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dialectical synonym地域同义词：
举例: fall and autumn, flat and apartment
stylistic synonym风格同义词：
举例: cop and police, kid and offspring
collocational synonym搭配同义词：
举例: accuse of, charge with, rebuke for
Semantically different synonym语义稍有不同
的同义词:
举例: surprise and astound, blame and rebuke
Antonymy 反义
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Antonymy 反义: oppositeness of meaning.
Words that are opposite in meaning are called
antonyms.
Antonymy 反义关系分类：
gradable antonymy 等级反义
complementary antonymy互补反义
converse antonymy反向反义
Gradable antonymy等级反义
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young --------middle-aged--------------- old
big --------middle-sized--------------- small
good-------------average-----------------bad
Complementary antonymy互补反
义
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alive : dead
male : female
present : absent
innocent : guilty
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odd : even
pass : fail
boy : girl
hit : miss
Converse antonymy反向反义
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
buy : sell
lend : borrow
give : receive
parent : child
husband : wife

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
teacher : student
above : below
before : after
host : guest
employer : employee
Hyponymy 上下义关系

Hyponymy上下义: refers to the sense relation
between a more general, more inclusive word
and a more specific word.

Superordinate/hypernym上义词: the more
general term
Hyponym下义词: the more specific term







举例:
hypernym上义词: animal
Hyponym下义词: bird, fish, tiger, cat
如何记忆:
hyper---向上 hype 炒作
hypo---向下 hypothesis 假设
Animal
bird fish insect animal
human animal
tiger lion elephant ...
Polysemy 一词多义








Polysemy: the same one word has more than one
meaning. Such a word is called polysemic word.
举例:
Fish:
1. 鱼
2. 鱼肉
3. 水生动物
4. 捕鱼
5. 寻找




Homonymy同音/同形异义词 : words having
different meanings have the same form,
different words are identical in sound or
spelling, or in both.
Identical in sound: homophones 同音词
Identical in spelling: homograph 同形词
Identical in both: complete homonyms 同音同
形词
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homophones 同音词：
举例: knight and night, piece and peace
homograph 同形词
举例: tear (v) and tear (n), lead (v) and lead (n)
complete homonyms 同音同形词:
fast (adj) and fast (n)
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
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如何区分同音同形和一词多义现象:
beauty, fish, ball, scale
beauty: 美丽；美女
fish: 鱼；鱼肉；水生动物；捕鱼；寻找
ball: 球；舞会
scale: 规模；鱼鳞
看其多个意义之间是否有关联，如果有就是一
词多义，没有就是同音同形词
Pragmatics 语用学
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


考点:
定义和与语义学的区别：study of meaning in
context or in use
言语行为理论（两位理论家和三种行为）
会话原则
2. Speech Act Theory

John Austin (1911-1960)

How to Do Things with Words
(1962)

Main Idea: things can be done
with words

Constatives(叙事句) vs. performatives（施为
句）

Constatives（叙事句）: utterances which
roughly serves to state a fact, report that
something is the case, or describe what
something is, eg:

I go to the park every Sunday.

I teach English.

Performatives（施为句）: utterances which
are used to perform acts, do not describe or
report anything at all; the uttering of the
sentence is the doing of an action; they
cannot be said to be true or false.

Performative verbs: name, bet, etc.
Three Speech Acts (三种言语行为)



A locutionary act (言内行为): the act of
uttering words, phrase, sentences. It is an
act of conveying literal meaning by means of
syntax, lexicon and phonology.
An illocutionary act（言外行为）: an act of
expression speaker’s intention; it is an act
performed in saying something.
A perlocutionary act（言后行为）: the act
preformed by or as a result of saying, the
effects on the hearer.
三种话语行为-举例
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老师对学生说: You have left the door open.
Locutionary act(言内行为): the act of uttering
the words of “you”, “have”, “left”, “the”,
“door”, “open”
Illocutinary act(言外行为): the act of expressing
the teacher’s intention of asking the student to
close the door.
Perlocutionary act(言后行为): the effect of the
utterance: student goes to close the door
Illocutionary Act Theory

美国哲学家John Searle (约翰塞尔， 1932-)

在Austin理论基础上把言外行为
进一步分为5类：

陈述（assertives），指示
(directives)，承诺(commissives)
，表达(expressives)，宣告（
declaratives）
103
Conversational Implicature（会话
含义理论）

Theorist：英国语言学家Herbert
Paul Grice (格莱斯，1913-1988)

Main Idea: People do not usually
say things directly but tend to
imply them.
The Cooperative Principle (CP，
合作原则)

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Maxim of Quality（数量准则）
Maxim of Quantity（质量准则）
Maxim of Relation（关系准则）
Maxim of Manner（方式准则）
The Cooperative Principle (CP，
合作原则)

Maxim of Quality（数量准则）
Do not say what you believe to be false.
 Do not say something if you lack adequate
evidence;

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Maxim of Quantity（质量准则）
Maxim of Relation（关系准则）
Maxim of Manner（方式准则）


Maxim of Quality（数量准则）
Maxim of Quantity（质量准则）：
Make your contribution as informative as
required (for the current purposes of the
exchange).
 Do not make your contribution more
informative than required.

Maxim of Relation（关系准则）
 Maxim of Manner（方式准则）


Maxim of Quality（数量准则）
Maxim of Quantity（质量准则）
Maxim of Relation（关系准则）：
Be relative.

Maxim of Manner（方式准则）
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

Maxim of Quality（数量准则）
Maxim of Quantity（质量准则）
Maxim of Relation（关系准则）
Maxim of Manner(方式准则)：
Be perspicuous.

Avoid obscurity of expression.

Avoid ambiguity.

Be brief.

Be orderly.
Macro-Linguistics
宏观语言学
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Sociolinguistics 社会语言学
1.定义
2.语言变体 language variety
3.双语
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Sociolinguistics 社会语言学
1定义：The sub-field of linguistics that
studies the relation between language and
society, between the uses of language and
the social structures in which the users of
language live.
Speech语言变体
双语
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Sociolinguistics 社会语言学
定义
Speech variety/language variety 语言变体: refer
to any distinguishable form of speech used by a
speaker or a group of speakers.
双语
region
situation
age
speaker
social
class
race
gender
Language
variety 语言
变体
region
Social
class
Regional
dialect
Sociolect
地域方
言
社会方
言
gender
Gender
dialect
性别方言
age
race
situation
Age dialect
Ethnic
dialect
Register/
situationa
l dialect
年龄方言
种族方
言
语域
Age
dialect
Sociolect
Regional
dialect
Idiolect
个人方
言
Gender
dialect
Ethnic
dialect

Pidgin(洋泾浜语/皮钦语)：a special language
variety that mixes or blends languages and it is
used by people who speaks different languages
for restricted purposes such as trading.

上海洋泾浜

上海话中的洋泾浜英语
“蹩脚”（BILGE，船底污水，引申为肮脏的
、下三滥的、劣质的）
 “瘪三”（BEG SIR，乞丐先生，用来形容叫
花子、难民、逃荒者等各式穷人，后引申为最
广泛的骂人用语之一。
 “赤佬”是英语“CHEAT”（欺骗）和中文“
佬”的混生词语，一个鲁迅时代最流行的洋泾
浜俚语（隐语）。



From pidgin to creoles(克里奥语):
Pidgin has become the primary
language as a result of intermarriage, it
is spoken at home and learned by
children as a mother tongue.

举例. French-based Haitian Creole, English
based jamaica Creole
119
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Sociolinguistics 社会语言学
定义
语言变体
双语

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Bilingualism(双语现象)
Diglossia (高低双语现象)
Multilingualism（多语现象）
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Bilingualism(双语现象): a linguistic situation in
which two standard languages are used either by
an individual or by a group of speakers.
举例：
Canada(French and English), Wales (Welsh and
English)
Diglossia (高低双语现象)
Multilingualism（多语现象）
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Bilingualism(双语现象)
Diglossia (高低双语现象): a linguistic situation in
which two varieties of a language exist side by side
throughout the community, with each having a
definite role to play.
举例：
Switzerland:

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
High German as the standard (public, official)
Swiss German as the vernacular (informal, daily)
Multilingualism（多语现象）

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Bilingualism(双语现象)
Diglossia (高低双语现象)
Multilingualism（多语现象）: a linguistic
situation in which more than two languages are
used either by an individual or by a group of
speakers.
举例：
Singapore (English, Chinese, Malay)



Bilingualism(双语现象): a linguistic situation in
which two standard languages are used either by an
individual or by a group of speakers
Diglossia (高低双语现象): a linguistic situation in
which two varieties of a language exist side by side
throughout the community, with each having a
definite role to play
Multilingualism（多语现象）: a linguistic situation
more than two varieties are used either by an
individual or by a group of speakers



人类语言学 Anthropological Linguistics
定义: study of the relationship between culture
and language
假说：Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (萨丕尔-沃尔
夫假说)：structure of the language people use
influences the way they think and behave (简言
之, 语言影响人的思想行为)

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis


Edward Sapir (1884 - 1939) and
Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941)
Our language helps mould our way
of thinking and, consequently,
different languages may probably
express speakers’ unique ways of
understanding the world.
Linguistic determinism: L may
determine our thinking patterns.
 Linguistic relativity: different
languages offer people different ways
of expressing the world around.

127

English: horseshoe
French: fer a cheval ——
iron for horse
 German: hufeisen ——
hoof iron


The Eskimos have
countless words for snow.
The Arabs, for camels.
128


心理语言学Psycholinguistics: the study of the
mental process of language comprehension and
production.
计算机语言学Computational Linguistics: study
of the use of computers to process and produce
human language.
语言学理论流派

考点：四大学派的代表人物及其理论名称





1. Father of Modern Linguistics 现代语言学之父
2. Prague School 布拉格学派
3. London School 伦敦学派
4. American Structuralism 美国结构主义
5. Transformative-Generative Grammar 转换生成语
法



1. Father of Modern Linguistics 现代语言学之父
Saussure 索绪尔 (瑞士)
代表作



Saussure’s new concepts:
Langue and Parole (语言和言语)
Signifier and signified （能指和所指）



2. Prague School 布拉格学派： Stressed
synchronic linguistics （强调共时语言学）
N. Trubetzkoy (1890-1938)特鲁别茨柯依
J. Firbas (1921-2000) 费尔巴斯
Prague School Phonology


N. Trubetzkoy’(特鲁别茨柯依)
contributions:
defined the sphere of
phonological studies, and gave an
accurate definition of the
phoneme.
136
J. Firbas (费尔巴斯)
 FSP （functional Sentence
Perspective, 句子功能前景）：
distribution of information in
sentence
 CD （Communicative dynamism,
 交际动力） is used to measure
the information amount a
particular sentence constituent
contains

137
3. The London School



Malinowski (1884-1942) 马林诺夫
斯基
Firth (1890-1960) 弗斯
Halliday (1925- ) 韩礼德

All three stressed the importance of
context of situation and the system
aspect of language
138

马林诺夫斯基
费孝通
王铭铭
3. The London School



Malinowski (1884-1942) 马林诺夫
斯基
Firth (1890-1960) 弗斯
Halliday (1925- ) 韩礼德

All three stressed the importance of
context of situation and the system
aspect of language
140


Halliday (韩礼德，1925- ).
Systematic-Functional
Grammar (系统功能语法) :
systemic grammar: internal
relations in L as a system
network, meaning potential.
 functional grammar: L as a
means of social interaction,
uses or functions of language
form.

141





3. American Structuralism
Major Linguists：
Boas （博厄斯）
Sapir （萨丕尔）
Bloomfield （布龙菲尔德）
142


Sapir-Whorf hypothesis:
the language influences the way one thinks and
behave (语言影响人的思想行为)
5. Transformative-Generative
Grammar 转换生成语法

NOAM CHOMSKY 乔姆斯基 (1928- )
Transformative-Generative Grammar 转换
生成语法
Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运
用
Phrase structure rules





S  NP VP
VP  V NP
NP  Det N
V  act, beat, catch, dive, …
N  man, boy, book, flower, ...
145
146