Transcript 8th Grade Grammar Assessment

th
8
Grade Grammar
Assessment
The Eight Parts of Speech
noun
Names a person, place, thing, or idea
Examples: mayor, ship, Missouri River, happiness
pronoun
Takes the place of a noun or other pronoun
Examples: I, you, he, himself, they, whom, that, which, each, none
verb
Expresses and action or state of being
Examples: go, be, startle, break, feel, do
adjective
Modifies a noun or pronoun
Examples: green, large, English, two
adverb
Modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb
Examples: suddenly, yesterday, really
preposition
Relates one word to another word
Examples: in, on, to, above, before, with, between
conjunction
Joins words or groups of words
Examples: an, or, but, so, either, or, because
interjection
Expresses emotion
Examples: hooray, whew, uh-oh
Subject/Predicate
Subject: Tells who or what the sentence is about
Example: The joke flopped.
Predicate: Tells what is happening to the subject. The
predicate include the verb and all the words related to the
verb.
Example: Eighty wedding guests ate nine submarine sandwiches.
Simple/Compound/Complex Sentences
A simple sentence is made up of one independent clause and no
dependent clauses.
Example: The pear tree grows.
A compound sentence is made of two or more independent
clauses and no dependent clauses.
Example: The sun shines, and the pear tree grows.
A complex sentence is made up of one independent clause and
at least one dependent clause.
Example: The pear tree that we planted last season grows well.
Phrase/Clause/Sentence
A phrase is a word group that functions as a specific part of speech and does
NOT contain both a subject and a verb
Examples: saved by the bell, in the morning
A clause is a word group that contains both a subject and its verb
•An independent clause can stand along as a sentence and expresses a complete thought
Example: The pear tree grows.
•A dependent (or subordinate) clause, does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone
as a sentence.
Example: The pear tree that Aunt Kim gave us grows well.
A sentence is a word group that has both a subject and a verb and expresses a
complete thought.
Prepositional Phrases
Is introduced by a preposition and usually acts as an
adjective or adverb
Example: The book on the left is the one to read if you are working on the report assigned in
class.
Appositive/Appositive Phrases
An appositive is a noun or pronoun that identifies or
explains another noun or pronoun
Example: My sister’s cat, Chimney, doesn’t like your dog.
An appositive phrase usually follows the word it identifies,
but it may also precede it
Example: A state known for its cold climate, Alaska is closer to the North Pole than to Texas.
Verbals/Verbal Phrases
Gerund: is a verbal that ends in –ing and functions as a
noun
Example: Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences..
Example (Gerund Phrase): Traveling to Asia might satisfy your desire for new experiences.
Participle: is a verbal that is used as an adjective and most
often ends in –ing or –ed
Example: The dangling toy caught the kitten’s attention.
Example (Participle Phrase): The toy dangling off the sofa caught the kitten’s attention.
Infinitive
An infinitive is the base form of a verb plus the word “to”
Examples: to hike, to help
Using Punctuation for Effect
-Use an ellipses, three spaced periods (…), to show where
the text is left out
Example: a new nation … dedicated to the proposition…
Or to
show a pause or break in thought.
Example: It’s just that … I don’t know
-Dashes can show pauses or breaks in thought
Example: There is room in the van for six people—not sixteen.
Verb Mood
Mood refers to the form the verb takes to indicate the speaker’s
attitude.
Indicative mood expresses fact or opinion.
◦ Example: The Rogers family raises chickens.
Imperative mood expresses a command or request.
◦ Example: Bring me the eggs, please.
Subjunctive mood expresses a suggestion, necessity, or a wish.
◦ Example: I wish I were seated already
Interrogative sentences express a question.
◦ Example: Did you go to the farm?
Conditional verbs express actions or states of being that depend on other conditions.
◦ Example: If the sun had already set, we would have gone home.
Active/Passive Voice
Active Voice—the subject of the sentence performs the
action expressed by the verb
Example: The girl threw the ball.
Passive Voice—the subject receives the action expresses by
the verb.
Example: The ball was thrown.
Helping Verbs/Linking Verbs
Helping Verbs: The work together with other verbs (has,
have, had, can, could, will, shall, should, may, might)
Example: can graduate, will have flown
Linking Verbs: Connect subjects with words or phrases (be,
am, is, was, were, become, seem, appear, believe, grow,
remain, prove)
You seem tired.