Transcript QURANIC GRAMMAR AS-SARF “Morphology of the words” Lesson 1

QURANIC GRAMMAR
AS-SARF
“Morphology of the words”
Lesson 11
Lessons from the book
MABADE” ALA’RABIYAH –
basics of Arabic Grammar
RASHEED SHARTOONI
Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali
16- comparative and superlative nouns
‫اسم التفضيل‬
• The comparative and superlative noun is a form
which changes an adjective to indicate a comparison
between one thing and another.
• Example: َ‫يوسفَ أکبر من إبراهيم‬
(Joseph is bigger than Abraham.)
• ‫الشمسَاكبرَمنَاألرض‬
• The sun is bigger than the earth
• triliteral active verbs and always are kept in the form
‫أفعل‬
• . For example: َ‫( کرم‬which is an active verb) becomes
‫( أکرم‬more generous)
• َ‫( ض ِرب‬which is a passive verb) is not kept into the
comparative or superlative form.
َ‫ الصفةَالمشبّهة‬vs. ‫اسمَالتفضيل‬
• Triliteral active verbs which indicate color, defect as well as any
verb that has more than three letters are not put into the
comparative or superlative forms.
• The reason for that is that such active verbs are not formed into
the comparative and superlative forms is because the form ‫أفعل‬
for these verbs is used as ‫الصفةَالمشبّهة‬.
• For example: َ‫( س ِود‬to make black) becomes ‫( أسود‬black) and َ‫ع ِور‬
(to loose an eye) becomes ‫( أعور‬one-eyed).
• If we want to use the comparative or superlative form from the
above mentioned verbs then we must use one of the words ‫أشد‬
(more severe), ‫( أکثر‬more) ‫( أوفر‬more abundant) or ‫( أکبر‬larger)
and then add the infinitive of the verb in the MANSOOB form
(because it is a TAMYEEZ).
• For example: َ‫ س ِود‬becomes َ‫( أشدَ سوادا‬blacker)
• or َ‫ ع ِور‬becomes َ‫(أکثرَ عورا‬more one-eyed).
• . ‫( هو أکثر احتراماَ ألبيه‬he is more respectful to his father)
– ‫ اللحمَآشدُّ حمرةَمنَالتفاح‬meat is more red than the apple
16- Superlative Noun ‫اسم تفضيل‬
• A Noun can ONLY be superlative if it meets the
following conditions:
–
–
–
–
–
It is a complete verb (not incomplete like KAANA ‫)كان‬
Tri-Lettered Derivable noun (not DAHRAJAَ‫) دحرج‬
Positive (not negative like LAYSAَ‫) ليس‬
It is in active form (not FO’ELAَ‫) فعل‬
It’s feminine description is not in the form of َ‫الصفة‬
َ‫ المشبّهة‬Fa’laa’’‫( ” فعالء‬notَ‫ أ حمر‬AHMAR)
11-Noun of Time and Place
• The noun of time indicates the time of the
action of the verb. ‫غرب‬
ِ ‫( م‬evening).
• The noun of place indicates the place of the
action. example: ‫( مطبخ‬kitchen).
• The forms mentioned in the next slide can be
applied to both. The determination of
whether it is a noun of time or place is usually
clarified by the context of the sentence.
Scale of mafa’l ‫مفعل‬
1. If the verb ended with a vowel letter ,
– example: ‫( يرمي‬he is shooting) becomes َ‫( مرمی‬aim),
– (flowing place, sewer) ‫ مجرى‬ ‫( جرى‬flow)
2. If the present tense had Fatha or Dhamma on the Ayn of
the Verb
– for example َ‫( يطبخ‬he is cooking) becomes ‫( مطبخ‬kitchen),
– ‫ مكتب‬ َ‫ يكتب‬Writing  Office
– example: َ‫( يذبح‬he is slaughtering) becomes ‫مذبح‬
(slaughterhouse),
– ‫ ملعب‬ َ‫ يلعب‬Play  Playground
Scale of mafe’l ‫مف ِعل‬
1. If the verb did not end with a vowel, and the Ayn of
the verb in present tense had a kasra
‫نزل‬
ِ ‫م‬ َ‫ – ينزل‬Descend House
– for example: َ‫ضرب‬
ِ ‫( ي‬he is hitting) becomes ‫ضرب‬
ِ ‫م‬
(camp site).
2. If the verb started with a vowel letter (did not end with a
vowel letter) ‫ مو ِعد‬ َ‫ وعد‬Promise  Pledge
– There are rare exceptions to this rule, for
example ‫ مف ِعل‬: ‫غرب و مط ِلع‬
ِ ‫شرق و م‬
ِ ‫ م‬whose second
root letter has a dhammah in the present tense.
Four letter Noun of Time and Place
• Four Letter verb is formed on a scale of ISIM
Mafool (Object Noun) or MASDAR MIMI
(MOFA’L)
– example:
– َ‫( يستشفی‬a cure was sought) becomes
َ‫(مستسفی‬hospital).
– َ‫ مجتمع‬ ‫( اجتمع‬gathered  community or
gathering place)
11-Noun of Instrument
• An instrumental noun is a form that indicates the
thing that the action was performed with.
• For example: ‫( ِمبرد‬file)
• Instrumental nouns are taken from transitive triliteral
verbs.
• There are three forms that they have:
‫ ِمفعل‬. 1 : for example: ‫( ِمبرد‬file)
‫ ِمفعلة‬. 2 : for example: ‫( ِمکنسة‬broom)
‫ ِمفعال‬. 3 : for example: ‫( ِمفتاح‬key)
• Non derived nouns are SOMAEYAH and does not
have any standard such as:
• ‫ سكين‬knife ,‫ قلم‬pen, ‫ جرس‬bell
More examples
‫ِمفعل‬
– َ‫ص‬
َّ ‫–مق‬
Scissor
ِ
ّ ‫ ق‬Cut  Meqas ‫ص‬
‫ِمفعال‬
– ‫ ثاقِب‬Drilled َ‫– ِمثقاب‬ Driller
– ‫< ِمنشار‬-- َ‫ نشر‬Sawed  Saw
‫ِمفعلة‬
• ‫< مطرقة‬-- َ‫ – طرق‬hammered hammer
• ‫<ملعقة‬--َ‫ ل ِعق‬- licked spoon
11-Noun of Instrument
– Odd cases
– Fa’aalata ‫( –فعالة‬Approved by Egyptians)
– ‫< غسالة‬-- َ‫ غسل‬wash  washing machine
– ‫< خرامة‬--َ‫ خرم‬drilled  driller