Transcript 1.INTRODUCTION

1.INTRODUCTION
Direct speech (DS): we use
direct speech when we report
s.o’s words by repeating
them.
Eg: “ I’ll go and heat some
milk”, said Agnes.
Indirect speech (IS): we
use indirect speech when
we use our own words to
report what s.o says.
Eg: Agnes said she could
go and heat some milk.
2. Tenses in IS
When the reporting verbs are in
the present tense, there is no
change in the verb tense when
reported.
Eg: There’ll be a delay.
 He says there’ll be a delay.

Tenses in IS
When the reporting verbs is
in the past tense, the verbs of
the original speech usually “
move back” one tense when
reported.
S.Present  S.Past
Present cont.  Past cont.
Present perfect  Past Perfect.
S.Past  Past Perfect.
Past perfect  past perfect.
Eg:
1. I watch TV everyday.
 She said she watched TV
everyday.
2. I am watching TV.
 She said that she was watching
TV.
3. I have watched TV.
 She said she had watched TV.
4. I watched TV yesterday.
 She said she had watched TV yesterday.
5.I had watched TV by the time you
came.
 She said she had watched TV by the
time I had come.
3. Changes in IS
• People: when changing from DS to IS,
you have to change the pronouns to
match the subject of the sentence.
Eg: Tom said, “ you will go to the party
with me, Mary.”
 Tom said that Mary would go to the
party with him.
Change in IS
• Place:
This  that
Here  there
Eg: “ I will wait for you here,” John
said to me.
 John told he would wait for me
there.
Change in IS
• Adverbial of time:
Now  then
Today  that day
Yesterday the day before, the
previous day
Tomorrow the next day, the
following day
Change in IS
This week  that week
Last week  the week before,
the previous week.
Next month  the month after,
the following month.
An hour ago  an hour before
Change in IS
• Modal Verbs:
Will  would
Would /could / should / might : stay
the same in reported speech.
Must  stay the same or change to “
had to ”
May : stay the same or change to
“ might ”
4.
Reporting questions
In a reported question, the word
order is like a statement:
-Don’t have the word order of
direct question.
-The auxiliary is no longer
necessary.
- we don’t use the question
mark.
In a reported question,
the tense change from
present to past in the
same way as in a
statement.
To report yes/no questions we use
“ if / whether ”.
Eg: 1. Have you bought your
ticket?
 Mary wanted to know if
Steve had bought his ticket.
2. Can you solve the problem?
 She asked whether I could
solve the problem.
To report Wh-question:
-Firstly, we repeat the
wh question word in the
direct question.
-Secondly, we change
the question into the
statement.
Eg: 1. Where are you staying?
He asked me where I was
staying.
2. Who have you invited?
 Peter wanted to know
who we had invited.
5. Reporting orders/ requests
tell / ask + O + to – inf
Eg: 1. “ stay in bed for a
week”, the doctor said.
 the doctor told
her to stay in bed for a
week.
2. “ please wait outside”, the
secretary said.
 the secretary told us to
wait outside.
3. “ go out,” my sister said.
 My sister asked me to go out.
6. Verb of reporting
• We normally use an indirect
object after “ tell ” but not
after “say ”
Eg:
Cella told me (that) she
would marry the following
month.
 Cella said she would
marry the following month.
• We can use “ ask” with or
without an direct object.
Eg: I asked (her) when he
would come.
• Other verbs: wonder, want to
know, announce, promise,
explain….
Eg: 1. Alex wondered who I was
waiting for.
2.They announced they could
increase the salary.
Eg:
3.He promised he would
clean his room.
4.She explained that the
plane had arrived late.