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Late Middle Ages Crusades There were problems with the Church, so they started to reform The Church became a kingdom with the pope becoming a king Crusades Friars traveled from place to place preaching to the poor Most famous friars were Franciscan Friars formed by St. Francis Crusades During this time Gothic Cathedrals were being built Gothic Cathedrals had stained glass windows, flying buttresses, and pointed arches Crusades Constantinople asked for help against the Muslims Crusades Pope Urban II issued a holy war or Crusade to take the Holy Land from the Muslims Men came for many reasons Kings sent away quarrelsome knights 2nd sons who could not inherit went Anyone who died on the Crusade automatically went to Heaven Crusades There were 8 Crusades in total plus the Children's Crusade trying to take the Holy Land The most famous was the 3rd Crusade where the Christians were led by Richard the Lion-Hearted, king of England and the Muslims were led by Saladin who retook Jerusalem Crusades Eventually the Crusaders would sack the Christian city of Constantinople They would take the forgotten Roman knowledge from Constantinople and bring it back to the West Crusades Effects of the Crusades Kings become stronger Trade grows between Western Europe and Muslims and Asia Growth of Italian City-states on the Mediterranean Improvement of technology Crusades The Reconquista was driving Muslims out of Spain by the Christians under Ferdinand and Isabella To consolidate their power, they started the Inquisition which was to kill or arrest anyone who went against Church teachings Social New inventions helped peasants: Harness that allows horses to do work Three-field System allowed farmers to plant on 2/3 of their fields which increased food production Social Most trade for peasants took place in a fair on certain days Guilds, an association of people who worked at the same occupation, controlled trade They control prices and wages, enforced a standard for quality for a fair price, and trained new members Social To become a Guild member is the same as becoming a knight At 9 or 10 a child was apprenticed to a master to learn a trade After 10 years an apprentice would become a journeyman and could work for wages under masters After a journeyman made an item that was considered a master’s piece, he would be elevated to master and welcomed into a guild Masters were given their own place and area Social Money became more available during this time, but borrowing or loaning money (usury) was a sin Jews became the world’s bankers during this time Social With trade expanding, many serfs ran away from the manor and lived in towns Towns: Developed haphazardly Streets narrow and declined towards the center Streets were filled with waste No bathing because no clean water Thatched roofs and wooden houses = fire hazard Social 2 great writers during this time: Dante who wrote Divine Comedy Geoffrey Chaucer who wrote Canterbury Tales Both wrote in the vernacular or everyday language Nation-States In 1066, William the Conqueror from Normandy led his Normans to victory at the Battle of Hastings against Harold. The Normans took control and united England starting its rise as a Nation-State Nation-States William’s heir Henry II took lands in France by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine This led to fighting between England and France over land Nation-States Henry II’s son, King John, was so weak that he had to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 Magna Carta limited the government and stopped taxation without representation Nation-States King Edward I started England’s legislative body called Parliament to raise taxes Nation-States Hugh Capet took over Paris and started the Capetian Dynasty that made France a nationstate Nation-States Phillip II increased French lands Nation-States Philip IV created France’s legislative body called the Estates General Estates General was made of 3 Estates 1st Estate is made up of the Church 2nd Estate is made up of nobles 3rd Estate is made up of commoners Nation-States A Philip IV also started the Great Schism where he made the cardinals elect a French pope and place him in Avignon The cardinals then selected an Italian pope and placed him in Rome and another pope was in Pisa In the end, all 3 popes were forced to resign and a council chose a new pope Nation-States Serfs were leaving manors for towns which hurt the feudal system, but the Bubonic Plague destroyed medieval society. In 1347, the plague came to Italy and started to spread In 4 years, it spread through Europe killing 25 million people Nation-States England’s King Edward III declared himself the new French king after the other king died. France said no= Hundred Years War (1347- 1453) France versus England Nation-States In the Battle of Crecy, the English Longbow took down the mounted knight Nation-States France was losing until Joan of Arc Joan led the French to victory at Orleans which gave France hope Joan was later captured and burned at the stake Nation-States France won the Hundred Years War and pushed the English out of France The Hundred Years War led to a feeling of pride for one’s country instead pride for their lords. Conclusion Scholars say that the Hundred Years’ War ultimately contributed to the end of medieval Europe but I say it is a combination of the following: 1. Hundred Years’ War, 2. Crusades, 3. Bubonic plague, 4. Corruption of the Church, and last but not least, 5. Nationalism.