Transcript Lecture 2 - swofford.org

600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.
Periodization
Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250
Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500
[Renaissance Dates: 1300-1600]
Europe in the 6c
The Medieval Catholic Church (West)
Filled the power vacuum left from the
collapse of the classical world.
 Monasticism:
St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of
poverty, chastity, and obedience.
 Provided schools for the children of
the upper class.
 Inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
 Libraries &scriptoria to copy books
and illuminate manuscripts.
 Monks  missionaries to the
barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]
The Power of the Medieval Church
 Bishops and abbots played a large part in
the feudal system.
 The church controlled about 1/3 of the
land in Western Europe.
 Tried to curb feudal warfare  only 40
days a year for combat.
 Curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition
Tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to
the church.
A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium
Illuminated Manuscripts
Charlemagne: 742 to 814
Charlemagne’s Empire
Pope Crowned Charlemagne
Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800
The Carolingian Renaissance
Carolingian
Empire/Equestrian
portrait of
Charlemagne
(Metz, Germany),
early ninth century
Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:
Treaty of Verdun, 843
Main Parts
of a Medieval Castle
Chauvigny Castle, France, 11c
Feudalism
A political, economic, and
social system based on loyalty
and military service.
Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle
Parts of a Medieval Castle
The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE
Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior
The Medieval Manor
Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work
The Rise of European Monarchies:
England
Romanesque
Cathedral
Architectural Style
Á Rounded Arches.
Á Barrel vaults.
Á Thick walls.
Á Darker, simplistic interiors.
Á Small windows, usually at the
top of the wall.
Romanesque
Floor Plans
St. Filibert, France, 10c
Interior of a Romanesque
Cathedral
Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade
Setting Out on Crusade
Christian Crusades: East and West
Crusades Impact
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Recapture “Lost” Knowledge
Books, “Aristotle”
Mathematics –”Arabic Numerals”
Medical and Surgical Procedures
Goods, Trade and Roads Rebuilt
Architectural Ideas and Concepts
“Tourism”
Periodization
Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250
Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500
[Renaissance Dates: 1300-1600]
Vikings, Magyars,
Mongols…
• Many of the Nations or
“Ethnicities” were formed during
the Middle Ages
• Germanic Tribes merged with
Norsemen, Celts, etc.
• Northern Slavs- Modern-day
Poles, Czechs, Russians, etc.
• Pagans to Roman Catholics
Viking Age
• Explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who
raided, traded, explored and settled in wide areas
of Europe, Asia and the North Atlantic from the
late 8th to the mid-11th century.
• These Norsemen (Northmen) used their famed
longships to travel as far east as Constantinople
and the Volga River in what would become Russia,
and as far west as Iceland, Greenland, and
Newfoundland ---- (Minnesota’s Kensington
Runestone c.1364?)
• As far south as Al-Andalus Spain
• Medieval history of Scandinavia, Great Britain,
Ireland and the rest of Europe in general.
• Norsemen-Normans, Russians- Novgorod and Kiev,
Anglo-Saxons, Jutes, Danes, Swedes, etc.
Animal head post, from
the Oseberg ship burial
(Norway), c. 825, wood
“gripping beasts”
Vikings/ fusion of
interlaced pattern and
the animal form/
gruesome rituals of
human sacrifice/Odin,
Thor, and Freya/
Valhalla/ Valkyries/
Two views of the
Oseberg ship (Oslo)
Left: Wood carved
portal of the stave
church at Urnes,
Norway,
c. 1050-1070
Below: drawing of a
stave church
William the ConquerorNorman: Battle of Hastings,
1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)
William the Conqueror
• To press his claim to the English
crown, William invaded England in
1066, leading an army of Normans,
Bretons, Flemings, and Frenchmen
• Victory over the English forces of
King Harold Godwinson at the
Battle of Hastings
• Suppressed subsequent English
revolts in what has become known
as the Norman Conquest
William I (r. 1066-1087)
• Change of rulers
creation of
feudal state
• Programs of
building and
fortification
• Changes to the
English language
• Shift in the upper
levels of society
and the church
• Adoption of some
aspects of
continental
church reform
Text: Here King Harold was
slain, and the English fled.
William the Conqueror/
King Harold of England
Battle of
Hastings in 1066
The Mongols Invade Russia
Mongols, Tartars, Turks
• Migrations end in conquest even
though for some short-lived
• In time, many assimilate into the
peoples of Europe
• Each ethnic group (nation)
creates fortifications to defend
themselves from the “Barbarian
Hordes”
The Rise of European Monarchies:
France
All throughout Europe
Kingdoms move toward
Unification of peoples of
Realm
Recreation of the
Roman Empire?
Reconquesta
Magna Carta, 1215
King John I
 “Great Charter”
 Monarchs were
not above the law.
 Kings had to
consult a council
of advisors.
 Kings could not
tax arbitrarily.
The Beginnings of the British
Parliament
Great Council:
 middle class merchants,
townspeople
[burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr.,
burghers in Ger.] were added at the
end of the 13c.
 Eventually called Parliament.
 By 1400, two chambers evolved:
o House of Lords  nobles &
clergy.
o House of Commons  knights and
burgesses.
Medieval Universities
Oxford University
Late Medieval Town Dwellings
Medieval Trade
Medieval Guilds
Guild Hall
Commercial Monopoly:
 Controlled membership
apprentice journeyman  master craftsman
 Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
 Controlled prices
Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop
Crest of a Cooper’s Guild
Periodization
Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250
Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500
[Renaissance Dates: 1300-1600]
Eurasia Timeline
Modern Age?
Late Middle Ages
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the 14th century was a time of great progress within the arts and
sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman
texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance
began.
The absorption of Latin texts had started before the 12th Century
Renaissance through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but
the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the
capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks (1453), when many
Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy
The changes brought about by these developments have caused many
scholars to see it as leading to the end of the Middle Ages, and the
beginning of modern history and early modern Europe.
Some historians, particularly in Italy, prefer not to speak of the late
Middle Ages at all, but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages
transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era.
Gothic Art
• Gothic period emerges from France.
A.k.a. modern art
• 12th to 14th c. and beyond
• Elegant, ornate style- Christian and
secular styles
• Guilds and artistic patronage
• Black Death 1347-1350
• The pointed arch, the ribbed vault and
the flying buttress
The Gothic Cathedral
Gothic Floor Plans
Canterbury Cathedral, England
Gothic Cathedral
Architectural Style
Á Began in France in the 12c.
Á Pointed arches.
Á Flying buttresses.
Á Stained glass windows.
Á Elaborate, ornate interior.
Á Taller, more airy à lots of light.
Á Lavish sculpture à larger-thanlife.
Interior of a Gothic
Cathedral
Interior of a Gothic
Cathedral
St. Etienne, Bourges, late 12c
“Flying” Buttresses
Flying Buttress
Gothic “Filigree” Closeups
Chartres Cathedral,
Paris
Jamb Figures
Royal Portal
The “Pillar People”
Cathedral Gargoyles
Stained Glass Windows
Á For the glory
of God.
Á For religious
instructions.
Notre Dame Cathedral 1163-1240
Cathedral of
Mont-Saint Michel:
A Fortress & A Church
Spanish Castle, 14c
Late Medieval
Church Art
Chalice, paten, and
straw, mid-13c
Relinquary, late 12c
Illuminated Manuscripts
Printed Psaltar
Gregorian Chant
Medieval Embroidery
The Bayeux Tapestry, 11c
Late Medieval Art
Á
St. Francis’
Rule Approved
Á
Giotto
Á
1288-92?
Á
Tempera on
wood and
ground gold.
The Crucifixion
Á
Giotto
Á
1305
Á
Tempera on
wood and
ground gold.