Transcript Reformation Notes

Prelude to Reformation:
Northern Ren.
• Luther did not have first reform
movement
• Most important characteristic of
Northern Humanism was REFORM
Prelude to Reformation:
Northern Ren.
• Erasmus
–Symbol of the movement
– Praise of Folly
• Thomas More
– Utopia
Martin Luther
• 1505 caught in
thunderstorm
• 1512 received
doctorate,
became professor
@ U. of
Wittenberg
Martin Luther
• According to
Luther:
– Justification by
faith alone
– Bible sole authority
•Known as the
twin pillars of the
Protestant
Reformation
Martin Luther
• Indulgence controversy:
– Leo X needed to finance
St. Peter’s Basilica
– Johann Tetzel: “as soon
as the coin in the coffer
rings, the soul from
purgatory springs”
Martin Luther
• In response to indulgences
being abused, Luther issued
his Ninety- Five Theses
• Leo X responded to Luther
as “some drunken German
who will amend his ways
when he sobers up”
• 1519: debate w/ Johann Eck
– Luther denied the
authority of popes
Martin Luther
• 3 Pamphlets in 1520:
– 1. Address to the
Nobility of the German
Nation ….written in
German, called for
princes to establish a
reformed German
Church
– 2. The Babylonian
Captivity of the
Church …written in
Latin, argued for only 2
sacraments (Baptism &
Eucharist)
Martin Luther
• 3 Pamphlets cont.
– 3. On the Freedom
of a Christian
Man …faith alone,
not good works
(“Good works do
not make a good
man, but a good
man does good
works”)
Martin Luther
• Excommunicated in Jan.
of 1521
• Diet of Worms (1521)
– Emperor Charles V
asked Luther to
recant
– Luther refused
• Edict of Worms
– Luther made an
outlaw
Martin Luther
• Peasants’ War
– Social discontent got
intertwined with
religious revolt
– Peasants looked to
Luther for support
– Luther responds with
his pamphlet: Against
the Robbing and
Murdering Hordes of
Peasants
Charles V
Charles V
• 1519: Charles I of Spain
(Maximilian’s grandson) was
elected HRE as Charles V
• Faced FOUR major
problems:
– 1. French
– 2. Turks
– 3. Papacy
– 4. Germany’s internal
disorder
Charles V’s 4 problems
• 1. French (HapsburgValois Wars-1521-59):
– French king,
Francis I encircled
by Hapsburg land
• 2. Turks: Ottoman
Turks progressing
west, overran
Hungary & moved
into Austria (peace
in 1545)
Charles V’s 4 problems
• 3. Papacy: Fearful
of Charles’ power
in Italy, Pope
Clement VII
sided w/ the
French in the
second Hap.-Val.
Wars…1527 Rome
was sacked
Charles V’s 4 problems
• 4. German internal
issues:
– 1530: Diet of
Augsburg…Charles
demanded that all
Lutherans return
to Catholicism by
April 1531
(Schmalkaldic
League formed)
Charles V’s 4 problems
• 4. German internal issues:
cont.
– 1555: Peace of Augsburg
…division of Christianity
formally acknowledged,
Lutheranism granted
same legal rights as
Catholicism
• Right of the German
ruler to determine the
religion of his
subjects, not the right
of the subjects to
choose their religion
Zwingli & the Swiss Ref.
• Swiss Confederation:
– 13 self-governing
states (cantons)
– Technically part of
the HRE, but they
have been basically
independent since
Swiss forces defeated
Maximilian (1499)
• Weak economy
– Used to selling soldiers
as mercenaries
Zwingli & the Swiss Ref.
• Ulrich Zwingli (14841531)
– Strongly
influenced by
Christian
Humanism
– Looked to the
state to supervise
church
– Relics abolished
Zwingli & the Swiss Ref.
– All paintings and
decorations removed
– Music eliminated
– Disagreed with
Luther over the
Lord’s Supper
(Marburg colloquy )
Zwingli & the Swiss Ref.
• Zwingli: Believed
“This is my Body,
This is my blood”
should be taken
figuratively, not
literally
• Luther: insisted
on the real
presence of the
body and blood of
Jesus
Radical Reformation:
Anabaptists
• Especially attractive to
peasants, weavers,
miners who were
effected by economic
changes
• Advocated adult
rather than infant
baptism
Thomas Müntzer was one
of the founders of the
Anabaptist movement.
Radical Reformation:
Anabaptists
• Followed strict type
of democracy,
where all believers
are equal
• Believed in complete
separation of
church and state
John Calvin (1509-64)
• Second
generation of
reformers
• Influenced by
Luther
• Agreed with
justification by
faith alone
John Calvin (1509-64)
• 2 sacraments
– Baptism
– Lord’s Supper
• Predestination
– God had
predestined
some to be
saved, others
to be damned
Henry VIII
• Wanted to divorce
Catherine of
Aragon
–b/c she did not
produce a male
heir
–Fell in love with
Anne Boleyn
Henry VIII
• Pope Clement VII
refused
– Possibly would have
been granted…but
in 1527 Rome was
sacked, made pope
dependent on HRE
• Charles V was
nephew of
Catherine
Henry VIII
• Abolished papal
authority in England
• Divorced Catherine,
married Anne Boleyn
– 3 months later had
future Queen
Elizabeth
Henry VIII
• 1534—Parliament
completed break
of the Church of
England with
Rome
–Passed the Act
of Supremacy &
Treason Act
Henry VIII
• Little changed
within the doctrine,
theology, &
ceremony
– Since most
religious doctrines
remained the
same, most people
were indifferent
to the new
Church of
England
Henry VIII
• 1536Beheaded
Anne Boleyn
on charges of
adultery
Henry VIII
• Third wife —Jane
Seymour, produced
male heir…died in
childbirth
• Fourth wife---Anne of
Cleves (German
princess)…Henry VIII
divorced her because
of her looks
Henry VIII
• 5th wife---Catherine
Howard
…committed
adultery and was
beheaded
• 6th wife--- Catherine
Parr…outlived the
king
Divorced
Divorced
Beheaded
Beheaded
Died
Survived
Henry VIII
Edward VI
Mary I
Jane Seymour
Elizabeth I
Edward VI
• Anglican
Church
moved in a
more
Protestant
direction
Mary
• Devout Roman
Catholic
• Not popular with
British people
–Married Philip II
of Spain
–Burned 300
Protestants at
the stake
Elizabeth
• Church of
England became
undeniably
Protestant
• 2 groups opposed
Anglican Church
– Puritans
– Roman Catholic
minority
Catholic/Counter
Reformation
• Society of Jesus
– Known as the Jesuits
– Founded by Ignatius
of Loyola
• Injured in battle
• Unable to continue life
as a soldier, vowed to
become soldier for God
• The Spiritual Exercises
Catholic/Counter
Reformation
• Society of Jesus
– pursued 3 major
activities:
• Established highly
disciplined schools
• Propagation of the
Catholic faith
• Determined to carry
the Catholic banner
and fight
Protestantism
Catholic/Counter
Reformation
• Council of Trent
– Called by Pope Paul III
– Council reaffirmed traditional
Church teachings
• Faith & good works
• 7 sacraments
• Transubstantiation
• Purgatory
Reformation & Women
• Favored clerical marriage
• Taught women should follow
biblical vocation
–Mother
–Housewife
• Husband + wife = co-workers
Family Life
• Marriage
– Men: 25-29
– Women: 20-25
– Legal: 14, 12
•
•
•
•
Late marriage indicated harsh life
Arranged Marriages
West: nuclear & 2-4 Children
East: Extended & 6-7
Miguel de Cervantes
•
•
•
•
•
worked for a Spanish Cardinal
Fought in the Battle of Lepanto
Slave in Algiers
Tax collector
Don Quixote
– Wrote during the Golden Age of Spain
– 1 of the greatest literary works of all time
Shakespeare
• During the Golden Age of England
(“Elizabethan Age”)
• Wrote histories, comedies, tragedies
• Romeo & Juliet (1597)
• Hamlet (1603)
• Othello (1604)
• King Lear (1605)
• Macbeth (1606)