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Parts and usage
Motherboard is the most important component in
any personal computer. It contains almost every
important elements of the computer. Sometimes
instead of the calling it “motherboard”, IBM refers to
is as “system Board” or “ Planner Board” , some other
manufacturer refer to this as the “ Logic Board”. The
motherboard is the main circuit board inside the PC
which holds the processor, memory and expansion
slots and connects directly or indirectly to every part
of the PC. It’s made up of a chipset(known as the “glue
logic”), some code in ROM and the various
interconnections or buses.
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• Expansion slots
• CPU(Main Processor)
• Coprocessor
• Memory
• BIOS and
• Support circuits of chipset for interrupt,
DMA etc.
What is expansion slot?
The expansion slots are long thin connectors on
the motherboard, near the backside of the computer.
Various expansion cards are connected to the
motherboards through data, address and control
lines/buses on these slots. One can connect various
expansion cards such as display card, hard drive
controller, sound card, network card, modem card etc.
on these slots. When an adapter card is connected to
the expansion slot, it is actually connected to the
data, address and control bus on the motherboard.
The main component of any motherboard
is the main processor chip which controls all
the inner functions of the system. The
CENTRAL
PROCESSING
UNIT(CPU)
functions as the brain of every PC. It is usually
inserted into the socket and is not soldered
onto the motherboard as many other chips
are normally done, this makes its
replacement, in case of any problem, very
easy.
Pentium Chip
PowerPC Chip
Chip Fan
PGA – Pin Grid Array ; Protruding Pins
LGA – Land Grid Array ; Balls Grid Array
Pin Grid Array
Land Grid Array
Memory is the place where computer
stores the program and data that help the
program in carrying out its operations.
Memory is used by computers to run its
operating system in any application that you
start and also responsible in loading a
system.
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RAM memory
ROM memory
RAM - random access memory.
ROM - Read Only Memory
is a read/write type of memory which is
used by the processor to keep program, data
and intermediate results during program
executions. It is VOLATILE type of memory,
which lose its content when the power supply
is switched off.
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The physical installation of RAM memory on
the motherboard can take place in various
ways.
DIP(dual In-line Pin) memory chips were used
on initial motherboards.
Later SIMM ( single inline memory modules)
became common.
Currently DIMM(dual inline memory
modules) are most common memory
module.
Socket
RAM (DIP)
ROM or Read Only Memory, as its name suggest
is a read only type of memory it cannot be
written. Data is written into it by the
manufacturer.
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On major advantage with the ROM is, ROM is
Non-Volatile type of memory, meaning it does
not lose its content when the power supply to it
is switched off.
A motherboard normally contains one or more
of these ROM chips.
SIMMS:
72-pin SIMM (4-1/4”)
30-pin SIM (3-1/2”)
DIMM:
Pins: 168 – pin,184 – pin, 240 – pin
DDR1 –2.4 or 2.5 v
DDR2 – 1.8 V
DDR3 – 1.5 V
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BIOS is an abbreviation if Basic Input Output
System.
A chip w/c directs the I/O operations of all the
devices in or attached to the system
All Peripherals are instructed by BIOS
Holds the configuration, loading the
operating system, detects also the devices,
and monitors the PC temperature.
Communication between the processor and
memory
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Prepares the machine so other software
programs stored on various media (such as
hard drives, floppies, and CD’s) can load,
execute, and assume control of the
computer.
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Refers to the memory on a personal
computer containing BIOS settings and
sometimes the code used to initialize the
computer and load the O.S.
The memory and real time clock are generally
proceed by a CR2032 lithium coin cell.
These cells last for two to ten years,
depending on the type of the BIOS
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Contains the information about the system
configuration (hard disk types, date and time,
and the order in w/c the computer will look
for bootable disk). The CMOS battery allows
the CMOS to pressure these settings.
Preserves the settings of the BIOS
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Is a group of integrated circuits, or chips, that
are designed to work together, and are
usually marketed as a single product.
There are two Chipset in MOBO:
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Northbridge Chipset
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Southbridge Chipset
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Also known as the I/O controller Hub (ICH)
Is the chip that controls all of the computers
I/O functions, such as USB , audio, serial, the
system BIOS , the ISA bus, and the IDE
channels.
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Also known as “Memory Controller hub”.
Typically handles communications between
the CPU, RAM, AGP.
Always closer to CPU w/ heat sink
also one of the responsible in processing
data.
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Computer bus storage-interface for
connection host bus adapters to mass
storage devices.
SATA Data cable
High speed data transfer
A wire replacement for the older AT
attachment standard (ATA)
SATA (Serial advance technology
attachment)
Data Cable
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More commonly known as ATA and is a
standard interface for IBM compatible hard
drives.
 Primary IDE header – Goes to hard disk
 Secondary IDE header – Goes to CD-ROM
Data Cable
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Will give a power supply of the whole system
board
24/20 PIN depends on the system board
24 PIN ATX Connector
Pin Out
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This adds a additional 12v to your processor
POST(Power-On-Self-Test)
 This produce audible beep indicating an error,
warning, or system ok.
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Connection where the CD drive is plugged in
Also transfer power to the CD drive such as
the audit of the CD ROM
Allows the computer to recognized the drive
in order to operate correctly
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Jack for microphone, headset, speaker
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Use to connect Ethernet patch cable
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For chassis fan
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This houses the CMOS battery
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34 PINS, data cable from floppy disk drive