Transcript Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)
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led the WWII
research group that
broke the code for
the Enigma machine
proposed a simple
abstract universal
machine model for
defining
computability
devised the “Turing
hypothesis” for AI
Turing and Colossus
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constructed an electronic computing machine (1943)
used to decrypt German coded messages
Maurice Wilkes (1913 - )
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his Cambridge group
constructed EDSAC in
1949
the first stored
program, generalpurpose electronic
digital computer
first to use symbolic
programs (assembly)
UNIVAC-1
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first commercial generalpurpose computer
system
successor to MauchlyEckert BINAC
delivered in 1951
used to forecast the
1952 presidential
election
Computing Generations
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FIRST GENERATION (1950s)
vacuum tube technology
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SECOND GENERATION (early 1960s)
solid-state technology, magnetic core memories
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THIRD GENERATION (1964 – 1970)
integrated circuitry (SSI), dynamic memories
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LATER GENERATIONS (1970s – )
VLSI, microprocessors, ultra large-scale integration
IBM/360
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built using solid-state
circuitry
family of computer
systems with
backward compatibility
established the
standard for
mainframes for
decades
DEC PDP Series
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“minicomputers”
offered mainframe
performance at a
fraction of the cost
introduced the
unibus architecture
for CPU
interconnections
Supercomputers
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high-performance
systems used for
scientific applications
advanced designs
(pipelining, parallelism,
etc.)
Control Data
Corporation, Cray
Research, and others
Desktop Computers
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microprocessors
all-in-one designs,
performance/price
tradeoffs
aimed at mass
audiences
personal computers
workstations
Comparison Shopping
How do they rate in cost and performance?
Year
Name
1951
1964
1965
1976
1981
1991
1993
2003
UNIVAC I
IBM S360
PDP-8
Cray-1
IBM PC
HP9000/50
Pentium PC
Pentium 4 PC
Performance
Memory
Price
Price/Performance
(adds/sec)
(KB)
(dollars)
(vs. UNIVAC)
1,900
48
1,000,000
1
500,000
64
1,000,000
263
330,000
4
16,000
10,855
166,000,000
32,768 4,000,0000
21,842
240,000
256
3,000
42,105
50,000,000
16,384
7,400
3,556,188
100,000,000
65,536
2,800
1,878,571
3,848,000,000
524,288
900
3,769,318,000
Moore’s Law
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increased density of components on chip
Gordon Moore: “Number of transistors on a chip will
double every year.”
since 1970’s development has slowed a little
 Number of transistors doubles every 18 months
cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged
higher packing density means shorter electrical
paths, giving higher performance
trends: smaller size, reduced power and cooling
requirements, fewer interconnections
DRAM and Processor
Characteristics
Improving Memory
Performance
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increase the number of bits per word,
width of data paths
employ cache structures to reduce the
frequency of memory operations
increase the bandwidth of
interconnections
Pentium Evolution (1)
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8080
 first general purpose microprocessor
 8 bit data path
8086, 88
 16 bit
 instruction cache, prefetch few instructions
 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC
80286
 16 Mbyte memory addressable
80386
 32 bit
 Support for multitasking
Pentium Evolution (2)
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80486
 sophisticated cache and instruction pipelining
 built in math co-processor
Pentium
 superscalar, multiple instructions executed in
parallel
Pentium Pro
 increased superscalar organization
 branch prediction
 data flow analysis
 speculative execution
Pentium Evolution (3)
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Pentium II
 MMX technology
 graphics, video & audio processing
Pentium III
 additional floating point instructions for 3D
graphics
Pentium 4
 more floating point and multimedia enhancements
Itanium
 64 bit