Transcript First Computer?

CSCI 1200
Introduction To Computing
Julie Benoit
[email protected]
Announcements : Labs
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start Monday.
as of lunchtime, none were full.
lots of space Wednesday.
Thursday, teaching lab 2 (35).
Mon, Thu & Wed teaching lab 1 (20).
Announcements : TAs
Huiqiong Chen
• [email protected]
• Tuesday & Wednesday
Franklin Fezeu
• [email protected]
• Monday & Thursday
Announcements : Quiz
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quiz each week.
normally Thurs, announced otherwise.
no quiz this week.
quiz next week, material from today.
4 Multiple Choice & 2 Short Answer.
no make-up quizzes, two lowest grades
are dropped.
Announcements : Testing
Midterm :
• February 19th in class.
• 25 MC, 10 to 12 SA, matching question.
Exam :
• comprehensive.
• during the exam period.
History of Computing
• begins about 5000 years ago.
• earliest devices help with counting
(commerce & inventory).
• early computing devices are NOT
computers.
Motivation
• People have trouble :
– remembering things.
– doing calculations.
– managing large volumes of data.
– completing monotonous tasks.
Abacus
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memory aid.
place value notation.
trade increase.
very fast.
Abacus
1946 - the abacus beats the mechanical
calculator.
Private. T.N. Wood, the fastest mechanical
calculator operator in the U.S. Army, used a
contemporary state-of-the-art calculator, and
was defeated in 4 out 5 speed competitions
by Kiyoshi Matsuzaki, who used an abacus.
Pascal’s Calculator (1642)
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Blaise Pascal.
rotating gears.
addition & subtraction.
father was a tax collector.
no commercial success :
– expensive.
– people worry jobs will be lost.
– French currency not based on tens.
Leibniz’s Calculator (1694)
• like Pascal’s calculator - used gears &
dials, but could also multiply.
• Leibniz studied Pascal's original notes &
drawings, then improved on the design.
• 1820 before a full four function
calculator (Colmar’s Arithometer) was
developed - the Arithometer was widely
used up until the First World War.
Jacquard Loom (1801)
• punched cards represent the pattern.
• person needed much less skill and
training to operate a Jacquard loom.
Luddites - when technologies like the Jacquard
Loom began replacing skilled craftsmen
many became angry, and attempted to
destroy the machines that put them out of
work.
Difference Engine (1821)
• Charles Babbage.
• a steam powered, fully automatic
machine for solving complex polynomial
equations.
• not completed :
– limitations of technology - problem of scale.
– very difficult to work with.
– interest in another project - Analytical
Engine.
Tabulating Machine (1890)
• Herman Hollerith.
• data represented on punched cards.
• cards are sorted based on the position
of the holes, data tabulated from the
sorted cards.
• the 1890 US Census is completed in six
weeks (rather than in ten years, or
more).
Computer
• a computer is a general-purpose
programmable machine.
• early computing devices :
– could not be programmed.
– were designed for a specific task.
– are NOT computers.
Analytical Engine
• Babbage's real dream - build a general
purpose programmable machine.
• vision not realizable in the 19th century.
• overall design, same as the modern
computer - four smaller components.
Analytical Engine
• input - read in a list of instructions.
• processor - perform the instructions.
• memory - hold the results of
intermediate calculations.
• output - print out the results.
Analytical Engine
• Babbage is considered the “father of the
computer”.
• Ada Lovelace worked with Charles
Babbage :
– credited as the first programmer.
– promoter of Babbage’s work.
– programming language ADA, developed for
the United States Department of National
Defense, named in her honour.
Computer
• a device, usually electronic, that
processes data according to a set of
instructions (Collins Concise English
Dictionary).
• doesn’t matter how the device is
constructed :
– electrical, mechanical, optical.
First Computer?
John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry (1942) - ABC
Computer built with vacuum tubes, solved
equations containing 29 variables.
Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper (1944) - Mark
1, 55 feet long, 8 feet high, weighed 5 tons,
contained nearly 760,000 separate parts,
used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic
calculations until 1959.
First Computer?
Konrad Zuse (1945) - Z3, world's first
electronic, fully programmable computer,
used old movie film to store programs and
data.
John Eckert & John Mauchly (1946) – ENIAC,
1000 times faster than Mark I, constructed
using 18,000 vacuum tubes, programmed by
manually rewiring and resetting switches,
ENIAC weighed 30 tons, a vacuum tube burnt
out once every 15 minutes…
First Computer?
John Eckert & John Mauchly (1946) –
…ENIAC used by the US military to do
calculations for the design of the hydrogen
bomb, weather prediction, cosmic-ray and
random number studies, and wind-tunnel
design.
First Computer?
John Eckert & John Mauchly (1946) –
…ENIAC used by the US military to do
calculations for the design of the
hydrogen bomb, weather prediction,
cosmic-ray and random number studies,
and wind-tunnel design.
1st Generation
• 1940’s & 1950's.
• vacuum tubes.
• huge (30 x 50 feet), could use as much
energy as an entire city block of houses.
• only used by government, military, &
large research organizations.
• tedious - slow to program.
• expected that the world will never need
more than a few dozen computers.
2st Generation
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late 1950's & 1960's.
constructed using transistors.
faster, smaller, more reliable.
programming languages like
FORTRAN, BASIC and COBOL are
introduced - make programming easier.
• computers are opened up to more
applications; airlines & small businesses
can now afford them.
3rd Generation
• mid 1960's - 1970's.
• constructed with integrated circuits smaller transistors and wires on silicone
chips.
• miniaturization makes embedded
computers possible; e.g. computers
inside elevators, traffic lights and
calculators.
4th Generation
• 1970's to present.
• constructed with VLSI - millions of
transistors on a single silicone chip).
• single chip microprocessor.
• extreme miniaturization, very low costs.
• Apple Computers is founded in 1976,
personal computers become a reality.