Transcript History of computers

You may need to know this for a test????
What is a computer
 "Computer" was originally a job title: it was used
to describe those human beings (predominantly
women) whose job it was to perform the repetitive
calculations required to compute such things as
navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary
positions for astronomical almanacs.
The first computer
 The abacus, a simple counting aid, may
have been invented in Babylonia (now Iraq)
in the fourth century B.C. (2000-500 B.C.)
 This device allows users to make
computations using a system of sliding
beads arranged on a rack.
The abacus
John Napier’s Bones and Logarithms
(1617)
 Allowed for multiplication
and division
 Were made out of ivory or
bone
Slide rule (1621)
 Slide Rule: analog computer consisting of a handheld
instrument used for rapid calculations
 Still in use in the 1960’s
 replaced by pocket calculators
BLAISE PASCAL 1642
 In 1642, the French mathematician and
philosopher Blaise Pascal invented a calculating
device that would come to be called the "Adding
Machine“(at age 19).
 The calculator had spoked metal wheel dials, with
the digits 0 through 9 displayed around the
circumference of each wheel.
Numerical Wheel
 Originally called a "numerical wheel calculator" or
the "Pascaline“
 Pascal's mechanical Adding Machine automated
the process of calculation. Although slow by
modern standards, this machine did provide a fair
degree of accuracy and speed.
Adding Machine
Joseph Marie Jacquard (1801)
 Invented the power loom that could base its weave
(and hence the design on the fabric) upon a pattern
automatically read from punched wooden cards,
held together in a long row by rope.
 Angry mobs smashed Jacquard looms and once
attacked Jacquard himself. History is full of examples
of labor unrest following technological innovation yet
most studies show that, overall, technology has
actually increased the number of jobs
Jacquard’s Power Loom
Charles Babbage
 Known as “the father of computing”
 By 1822 the English mathematician Charles Babbage
was proposing a steam driven calculating machine the
size of a room, which he called the Difference Engine
 Analytic Engine. This device, large as a house and
powered by 6 steam engines, would be more general
purpose in nature because it would be programmable,
thanks to the punched card technology of Jacquard.
Charles Babbage
 Babbage continued to
work on the design
until his death in 1871
 The technology was
about 100 years ahead
of its time
First Generation Computers (19451956)
 Distinctive features of first
generation computers were the
use of vacuum tubes and
magnetic drums for data
storage.
 Produced a lot of heat
ENIAC (1946)
 Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer
 18,00-19,000 vacuum
tubes
 It could do nuclear
physics calculations (in
two hours) which it would
have taken 100 engineers
a year to do by hand.
nd
2
Generation Computers (19561963)
 Second generation
computers are associated
with the use of transistors
instead of vacuum tubes
 Switch or amplify
 Second were smaller and
produced much less heat
than first generation
computers
Third Generation Computers
(1965-1971)
 Jack Kilby, an engineer with Texas Instruments,
developed the integrated circuit (IC) in 1958
 The IC combined three electronic components
onto a small silicon disc.
Third Generation Computers
(1965-1971)
 Computers became even
smaller as more
components were
squeezed onto the chip.
 Another third-generation
development included the
use of an operating system
that allowed machines to
run many different
programs at once
Fourth Generation Computers
(1971-Present)
 Fourth generation
computers are based on
microprocessors
 The microprocessor allowed
computes to become much
smaller and faster than
previous generations
Fifth Generation Computers
 Dual Processors
 What will be next???
Apple 1 is released July 1976
 Steve Wozniak and Steve
Jobs release the Apple 1
 It was produced in their
parents garage
 Produced about 200 of
them
IBM (pc) 1981
 On August 12, 1981 IBM
announced its own
personal computer
 Using the 16 bit Intel
8088 microprocessor,
allowed for increased
speed and huge
amounts of memory
Osborne 1
 Considered the first
true portable computer
 Released in 1981
Commodore 64
 The Commodore 64 is
introduced by Commodore
International in January
1982.
 During the C64's lifetime,
sales totaled 17 million
units, making it the bestselling single personal
computer model of all time
MACINTOSH (1984)
 The Apple Macintosh
debuts in 1984. It
features a simple,
graphical interface,
uses the 8-MHz, 32-bit
Motorola 68000 CPU,
and has a built-in 9inch B/W screen.