Transcript Civilization, Past & Present

Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
Chapter Outline
I. Arabia Before the Prophet
II. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam
III. Islamic Faith and Law
IV. The Expansion of Community and State
V. The Abbasid Era,
Zenith of Classical Islamic Civilization
VI. Islamic Culture
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
I. Arabia Before the Prophet
Yemen - Saba’
from eight century B.C.E. to third C.E.
Commercial networks
A. The Bedouin
tribal organization
shaykh
related families
’asabiyya = common interests, collective honor
ethics
muru’a = manly virtue
B. Early Mecca
the Hijaz (“barrier”)
at meeting of caravan routes
Ka’ba (“cube”)
Black Stone
ancient temple
Quraysh tribe
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
II. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam (c. 570–632)
marries Khadija
Fatima, daughter
A. Muhammad’s Message and Early Followers
Qur’an
records revelations
Allah’
Islam (“submission”)
Early Followers:
Ali, Abu Bakr
B. The Hijra
invited to Yathrib
> Madinat al-Nabi (“City of the Prophet”)
umma =community
jihad = struggle
attempt to win converts
to Mecca
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
II. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam
(c. 570–632)
C. The Death of Muhammad
632, at Medina
Succession?
Abu Bakr
first caliph = successor
Teachings of Muhammad
> hadith
Practice of Muhammad
> sunna
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
III. Islamic Faith and Law
A. The Qur’an
word of God revealed to Muhammad
B. The Tenets of Islamic Faith
monotheism
28 prophets proceeded Muhammad
The Five Pillars
shahada - profession of faith
salat - prayer, summoned by muezzin
zakat - alms, usually 2.5%
sawm - fasting during Ramadan
hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca
C. Islamic Law
Sharia - established by Muhammad
ulama - (“those who know”)
interpreters, administrators of the sharia
dhimmis - non-Muslims
pay jizya - head tax
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
IV. The Expansion of Community and State
A. Expansion under the First Four Caliphs
(632–661)
Rashidun ("Righly Guided")
Abu Bakr (632–634)
Umar (634–644)
Uthman (644–656)
Ali
Jihad
meaning?
651 - control Persian Empire
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
IV. The Expansion of Community and State
B. Defining the Community
Authority?
Assassination of Uthman
> Sunna and Shia
Shi-ites
only descendants of Prophet
through Fatima
Sunnis
consent of umma decides
C. Umayyad Rule
Muawiya
governor of Syria
relative of Uthman
takes title of caliph
capital to Damascus
> Umayyad Dynasty
until 750
Al-Andalus
Tariq ibn Ziyad
Husayn
son of Ali
killed by Umayyad
> martyr
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
V. The Abbasid Era, Classical Islamic Civilization
(750–1258)
Abu al-Abbas (750–
related to Muhammad's uncle, Abbas
supported by non-Arabs
Baghdad
founded as center
Shift
from Arab domination of Islam
from tribal organization
geographic
A. Trade, Industry and Agriculture
no tariff barriers
B. The Spectacular Reign of Harun
al-Rashid (786–809)
Charlemagne
used against Umayyad
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
V. The Abbasid Era, Classical Islamic Civilization
C. Challenges to Abbasid Authority
(Umayyads - al-Andalus, from 756
Fatimids - Egypt)
Seljuk Turks
take Baghdad, 1055
Turco-Mongols
Chingiz Khan
Egypt
Fatimids
Ayyubids
Salah al-Din, founder (1169–1252)
Mamluks (“slaves”) (1250–1517)
military officers
overthrow Ayyubids
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
VI. Islamic Culture
A. Advances in Medicine
900–1100 - high point in learning
Abu-Bakr Muhammad al-Razi (d. 925)
On Smallpox and Measles
Ibn Sina (980–1037)
(Avicenna)
Canon of Medicine
B. Progress in Other Sciences
Al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham (d.1038)
work on optics
benefited from Greek and Hindu work
Euclid, Ptolemy
Al-Khwarizmi (d. c. 844)
Arithmetic
Arabic numerals
Algebra
Omar Khayyám (d. c. 1123)
C. Islamic Literature and Scholarship
Arabian Nights
Omar Khayyám's Rubáiyát
Ibn Sina
Aristotle and Islam
Ibn Rushd (d. 1198)
(Averroës)
Córdoba
commentaries on Aristotle
Moses Maimonedes
Guide to the Perplexed
Judaism and Aristotle
Ibn Khaldun (d. 1406)
"father of sociology"
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300
VI. Islamic Culture
D. The Sufis
tasawwuf = mysticism
(suf = woolen clothes of early
mystics)
Jalal al-Din Rumi (1207-1273)
E. Art and Architecture
prohibitions against representation
Alhambra, 1248–1354
An Islamic Map of the World
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins