Transcript Terrorism is not new

Terrorism is not new



Zealots
Assassins
Thugs
First Modern Wave

Alexander II
1881
Pres. Garfield
1881
Pres. McKinley
1901
Second Wave: Ethnonationalism

Irgun bombing of King David Hotel,
1946
Second Wave

FLN members 1957, Algeria
Third Wave: Leftist Groups
Red Army Faction
(Baader-Meinhof Group)

JRA members still
wanted, 1990s
Third Wave: Ethno-nationalists
Yasr Arafat
PLO Chairman
1972

Black September
Munich,
Views of Israel/Palestine
Post-1967
Detail of Post-1967
Fourth Wave: Sunni Radicalism



Iranian Revolution
(1978-1979)
provides inspiration
foreign fighters
go home,
form new groups
or join existing
groups, create a
global terror
network
formation
of Afghan mujahadin









Pakistan military
allies with radical
Islamic groups (1977-79)
provides sanctuary
Ideological legacy
of radical Islamic
thought
provides ideology
and inspiration
USSR invades
Afghanistan
1979





Saudi funded religious schools
(madrassas) in Middle East
and Asia (1970s-1980s)
provides recruits with ideology
US, China, Pakistan
Egypt, Saudi Arabia,
and others funding,
supplying, and training
mujahadin and jihadis
OBL and others recruit
volunteers
from madrassas
in M. E. and Asia
(foreign fighters
or jihadis)

Time
Soviets
withdraw
1989
al-Qaeda (global)
Abu Sayyaf (Phil.)
GIA (Algeria)
HAMAS
Islamic Jihad
IMU
Jemaah Islamiah
PIJ
Bosnia, Chechnya,
Kashmir…
Roots of Radical Sunni Ideology
Anti-colonial nationalism
Israel-Palestine issue
Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah
(Damascas) 1263-1328
returning to original
sources of Islam
•
•
•
•
•
Salafism
Late 1800s
return to
original sources
Deobandi Islam
1867 British-held India
anti-colonial Islam
Rashid Rida, Egypt
1866-1935
only Salafi beliefs
can free Muslims
from colonialism
•
•
Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab
(Arabian Peninsula)
1703-1792
return to original sources
rejects Islamic pluralism
condoned violence against apostates
anti-Ottoman, seen as foreign occupiers, apostates
•
•
•
•
•
Abu al-Ala Maududi
1903-1979
Pakistan
Purification of Islam is a key
to independence from British
Muslim Brotherhood
Egypt 1928
Hassan al-Banna
rejects British colonialism
rejects “westernization” of Islam
rejects church/state separation
Abdullah Azzam
Palestinian 1941-1989
Intellectual mentor of OBL
Sayyid Qutb
1906-1966
Egypt
member of MB
purify Islam
violence if necessary
anti-Israel
anti-US
“founder” of “Sunni
radicalism”
Milestones
1932 Saudi Arabia becomes independent
unifies Arabian regions and families
under the al-Saud family
Wahhabi Islam becomes the official creed
Al-Qaeda
Osama bin-Laden
Ayman al-Zawahri
Abd-Al-Salam Al-Faraj
Egypt, 1952-1982
disciple of Qutb
The Neglected Duty
Late 1700s
Al-Saud family alliance with Wahhabi movement
Saudi-sponsored madrassas
globally, by late 20th century-
Radical Islamic Ideology I
Nationalists and Transnationalists
share:
 Salafists (pure Islam)
 No pluralism in Islam (some
Nationalists may allow it)



Anti-American
Anti-western
Anti-colonial (resistance or
defense)
Radical Islamic Ideology II
Transnationalists vs. Nationalists
Transnationalists
 Anti-nation-state
• Rebuild the
Caliphate


Anti-Democracy
Example: AQAM
Nationalists
 Goal of building
or taking power
in a nation-state
 Democratic
participation if
advantageous
 Example: Hamas
and Hezbollah
Iranian Revolution
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
HAMAS v. PLO


PLO Charter, 1968
HAMAS Covenant (Islamic
Resistance Movement), 1988