Transcript Chapter 11

Chapter 11
Inner and East Asia,
400-1200
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Chapter Chronology
Inner and East Asia 200-1200
Empty cell
200
600
Northeast and
Southeast Asia
313-668 Three
220-589 China is united Korean kingdoms:
empty cell
581-618 Sui unification Koguryō, Paekche,
Silla
618 Tang Empire
founded 626-649 Li
Shimin reign
751 Battle of Talas
668 Silla victory in
690-705 Wu Zhao reign Korea
River
755-763 An Lushan
rebellion
Inner Asia
China
Japan
empty cell
645-655 Taika era
710-784 Nara as
capital
752 "Eye-opening"
ceremony
794 Heian era
840 Suppression of
Buddhism
800
1000
1200
empty cell
916 Liao Empire
founded
918 Koryo founded:
879-881 Huang Chao
Korean Peninsula
866-1180 Fujiwara
rebellion
unified
907 End of Tang Empire 936 Annam becomes influence
Dai Viet (northern
960 Song Empire
Vietnam)
founded
1038-1227 Tanggut 1127-1279 Southern
state on China's
northwest frontier Song period
1115 Jin Empire
founded
circa. 1000 The Tale
of Genji
empty cell
Empty cell
1185 Kamakura
Shogunate founded
Empty cell
Going Up the River
Song cities hummed with commercial and industrial activity, much of it concentrated on the
rivers and canals linking the capital Kaifeng to the provinces. This detail from Going Upriver at
the Qingming [Spring] Festival shows a tiny portion of the scroll painting’s panorama. Painted
by Zhang Zeduan sometime before 1125, its depiction of daily life makes it an important
source of information on working people.
Before open shop fronts and tea houses a camel caravan departs, donkey carts are
unloaded, a scholar rides loftily (if gingerly) on horseback, and women of wealth go by
enclosed sedan-chairs.
The Sui and Tang Empires,
581–755
• After the fall of the Han in 220 C.E. China
was fragmented for several centuries
• The Sui Empire reunified China and
established a government based on
Confucianism but heavily influenced by
Buddhism.
• To help communication and trade the Sui
built the Grand Canal linking the Yellow
River and the Yangzi
• The Sui also improved the Great Wall
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• The Sui wanted to extended into Korea,
Vietnam, and Inner Asia but the
resources needed were immense
• This is also true of the public works
projects…
• The Sui’s rapid decline and fall may have
been due to its having spent large
amounts of resources on these
construction, canal, irrigation, and military
projects.
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• The second Sui emperor was
assassinated and the Tang filled the
political vacuum
• The Tang Empire was established in 618.
• Li Shimin (technically second emperor but
oversaw the expansion of the empire)
• The Tang state carried out a program of
territorial expansion, avoided
overcentralization, and combined Turkic
influence with Chinese Confucian
traditions.
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• Army used crossbow and armored
infantrymen as well as horsemanship
and iron stirrups
• The Tang had their peak between
650-751 and were defeated by Arab
Muslims at the Battle of Talas River
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Chang’an: Metropolis at the Center of East Asia
• Chang’an was the destination of
ambassadors from other states who were
sent to China under the tributary system.
• The city of Chang’an itself had over a million
residents, most of them living outside the city
walls.
• served as a vital intellectual and commercial
center, attracting students of politics and
philosophy from around Asia, as well as
merchants and traders, creating a diverse
population that included Arabs, Persians and
Indians, among others.
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Buddhism and the Tang Empire
• The Tang emperors legitimized their control
by using the Buddhist idea that kings are
spiritual agents who bring their subjects into
a Buddhist realm.
• Buddhist monasteries were important allies
of the early Tang emperors; in return for their
assistance, they received tax exemptions,
land, and gifts.
• Mahayana Buddhism was the most
important school of Buddhism in Central
Asia and East Asia.
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• Mahayana beliefs were flexible,
encouraged the adaptation of local deities
into a Mahayana pantheon, and
encouraged the translation of Buddhist
texts into local languages.
• The expansion westward of the Tang
Empire territorially, as well as its
commercial and intellectual reach, not
only brought Buddhism more deeply into
Asia, but also made the Tang state a truly
cosmopolitan one.
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The Sui and Tang Empires,
581–755
Upheavals and Repression, 750-879
• In the late ninth century, the Tang Empire
broke the power of the Buddhist
monasteries and Confucian ideology was
reasserted. The reason for the crackdown
was that Buddhism was seen as
undermining the family system and eroding
the tax base by accumulating tax-free land
and attracting hundreds of thousands of
people to become monks and nuns.
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• Buddhism also had been used to legitimize
women’s participation in politics.
• The most significant example of this is the
career of Wu Zhao, who took control of the
government and made herself emperor with
the ideological and material support of
Buddhism.
• When Buddhism was repressed, Confucian
scholars concocted accounts that painted
highly critical portraits of Wu Zhao and other
influential women in Chinese history.
• The crackdown on Buddhism also brought
the destruction of many Buddhist cultural
artifacts.
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• The End of the Tang Empire, 879-907
• As its territory expanded and it faced
internal rebellions, even from within its
own army, the Tang dynasty relied on
powerful provincial military governors to
maintain peace. In 907, the Tang state
ended, and regional military governors
established their own kingdoms.
• None of these smaller kingdoms were
able to integrate territory on the scale of
the Tang.
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Map 12.1 The Tang Empire in Inner and Eastern Asia
For over a century the Tang Empire controlled China and a very large part of Inner
Asia. The defeat of Tang armies in 751 by a force of Arabs, Turks, and Tibetans at the
Talas River in present day Kyrgyzstan ended Tang westward expansion. To the south the
Tang dominated Annam, and Japan and the Silla kingdom in Korea were leading
tributary states of the Tang.
China and Its Rivals
• Song Empire
The Liao and Jin Challenge
• After the fall of the Tang, a number of new
states emerged in the former Tang territory:
the Liao, the Jin, and the Chinese Song.
• As the Liao and Jin cut the Chinese off from
Central Asia, the Song developed seafaring
and strengthened contacts with Korea, Japan,
and Southeast Asia.
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• The Liao state included nomads and
settled agriculturalists. The Liao kings
presented themselves to their various
subjects as Confucian rulers, Buddhist
monarchs, and nomadic leaders. The Liao
rulers were of the Khitan ethnic group.
• The Liao Empire lasted from 916–1121.
The Liao had a strong military and forced
the Song to give them annual payments of
cash and silk in return for peace.
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Map 12.2 Liao and Song Empire, circa 1100
The states of Liao in the
north and Song in the
south generally ceased
open hostilities after a
treaty in 1005
stabilized the border
and imposed an annual
payment on Song
China.
• To rid themselves of the Liao, the Song
helped the Jurchens of northeast Asia to
defeat the Liao.
• The Jurchens established their own Jin
Empire, turned on the Song, and drove
them out of north and central China in
1127.
• The Song continued to reign in south
China as the Southern Song Empire
(1127–1279).
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Map 12.3 Jin and Southern Song Empires, circa 1200
After 1127 Song
abandoned its northern
territories to Jin.
The Southern Song
continued the policy of
annual payments—to
Jin rather than Liao—
and maintained high
military preparedness
to prevent further
invasions.
Song Industries
• During the Song period, the Chinese
made a number of technological
innovations, many of them based on
information that had been brought to
China from West Asia during the
cosmopolitan Tang era. Many of these
innovations had to do with mathematics,
astronomy, and calendar making.
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• Song inventors improved an earlier Chinese
innovation, the magnetic compass, making it
suitable for seafaring by the end of the
eleventh century.
• In shipbuilding, the Song introduced the
sternpost rudder and watertight bulkheads.
Shipbuilders in the Persian Gulf later adopted
these innovations.
• Junks:
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• The Song also had a standing,
professionally trained, regularly paid
military.
• Iron and coal were important strategic
resources for the Song military.
• The Song produced large amounts of highgrade iron and steel for weapons, armor,
and defensive works.
• The Song also developed and used
gunpowder weapons in their wars.
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Economy and Society in Song China
• Song society was dominated by civilian
officials and put higher value on civil pursuits
than on military affairs.
• Song thinkers developed a sophisticated NeoConfucian philosophy, while certain Buddhist
sects, particularly Chan (Zen) continued to be
popular.
• Perhaps most notably, neo-Confucian thinkers
conceived of the idea of “universal sagehood,”
meaning that ordinary people, not just
members of the elite, might attain wisdom and
habits of mind to allow them to participate in
governance and administration.
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• The civil service examination system,
introduced in the Tang, reached its mature
form in the Song.
• The examination broke the domination of
the hereditary aristocracy by allowing men
to be chosen for government service on
the basis of merit.
• However, men from poor families were
unlikely to be able to devote the necessary
time and resources to studying for the
rigorous examinations.
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• With the invention of moveable type (1000s in
China, 1200s in Korea, 1450), the Song
government was able to mass-produce
authorized preparation texts for examinationtakers.
• Printing also contributed to the dissemination
of new agricultural technology and thus
helped to increase agricultural production and
spur population growth in South China.
• During the Song period, China’s population
rose to 100 million.
• Population growth and economic growth fed
the rise of large, crowded, but very wellmanaged cities like Hangzhou.
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• The Song period saw the wide use of an
interregional credit system called flying
money and the introduction of governmentissued paper money. The paper money
caused inflation and was later withdrawn.
• 6. The Song government was not able to
control the market economy as closely as
previous governments had done. Certain
government functions, including tax
collection, were privatized, and a new
merchant elite thrived in the cities, their
wealth derived from trade rather than land.
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Song River Transport
This seventeenth-century
painting shows the emperor
Huizong (r. 1100–1126), in
red, supervising the
ceremonial transfer of
pierced stones and a tree.
The purpose of their
transfer is unknown.
Note the differences
between the workshop at
lower left and the
residence at lower right
where women, children,
and even a pet dog are
enjoying life outside the
enclosed courtyard.
• The Song period saw the wide use of an
interregional credit system called flying
money and the introduction of
government-issued paper money.
• The paper money caused inflation and was
later withdrawn.
• The Song government was not able to
control the market economy as closely as
previous governments had done.
• Certain government functions, including
tax collection, were privatized, and a new
merchant elite thrived in the cities, their
wealth derived from trade rather than land.
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• Women’s status declined during the Song
period as Confucian ideas about the
proper division of the sexes regained
popularity.
• Women were entirely subordinated to men
and lost their rights to own and manage
property; remarriage was forbidden.
• Painfully bound feet became a mandatory
status symbol for elite women. Workingclass women and women from non-Han
peoples of southern China did not bind
their feet and had more independence
than elite Han Chinese women did.
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Footbinding
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Female Musicians
A group of entertainers from a Song period copy of a lost Tang painting titled “Night
Revels of Han Xizai.” The emperor ordered the painter to document the lifestyle of a
man who preferred music, dance, and poetry to accepting appointment as Prime
Minister. The mood of genteel indulgence appealed to Song era elites. Chinese
women were not veiled, but foot-binding became common under the Song.
Hangzhou–“most noble city” “best in
the world”– Marco Polo
a. Great marketplaces
b. entertainment
1. boating
2. singing girls
3. bath houses
4. restaurants
5. acrobats
6. tea houses,
7. opera performances
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New Kingdoms in East Asia
Chinese Influences:
• Sinification: means the assimilation or
spread of Chinese culture
• Korea, Japan, and Vietnam were all ricecultivating economies whose labor needs fit
well with Confucian concepts of hierarchy,
obedience, and discipline. While they all
adopted aspects of Chinese culture, the
political ideologies of the three countries
remained different. None of them used the
Chinese civil service examination system,
although they did value literacy in Chinese
and read the Chinese classics.
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Korea
• The Korean hereditary elite absorbed
Confucianism and Buddhism from China
and passed them along to Japan. The
several small Korean kingdoms were
united first by Silla in 668, and then by
Koryo in the early 900s. Korea used
woodblock printing as early as the 700s,
and later invented moveable type, which it
passed on to Song China.
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Korea
• Most profoundly influenced by China for longest
amount of time
• Peoples that lived in and ruled China before
Chinese- hunting and herding peoples
• Colonized by Chinese
• Although they tried to resist Sinification prevailed
• Sinification (influence from China)
–variants of Buddhism
–Chinese writing – tough to be adapted
–Unified law code
–Established universities
–Tried to implement Chinese-style
bureaucracy
• Doesn’t work well because the noble families
don’t like it, they would lose privileges
• Divided into three parts during Three
Kingdoms
• Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla
• China (Tang Empire) strikes an alliance with Silla
– Becomes a tribute
• Must make tribute payments
• Submit as a vassal
• The Chinese withdrew their armies in 668
– Sinification and the tributary system
• Send emissaries
• Must perform kowtow (ritual bowing with forehead on
floor)
• Benefits include:
– Continued peace
– Access to Chinese learning (Buddhist, Confucian, and
technological)
– Access to Chinese art and manufactured products (for elite)
– Merchants traveled with the emissaries to trade
– This system became a major channel of trade/cultural
exchange!
• Korean elite culture was most effected by China
– Aristocrats were able to study in Chinese schools and
participate in civil service exams (less important here
than in China)
– Brought in more Buddhism than Confucianism but
brought in a more “Chinese” version than the
original form from India.
– Began producing porcelain and actually surpassed
China in quality, and developed a unique black
stoneware
• Luxury products imported from China were
pretty much only for the elites
– Fancy clothes (usually silk)
– Special teas
– Scrolls (poetry, educational, etc.)
– Artwork
• Korea also exported some raw materials to
China
– Mostly forest products and copper
Japan
• Japan’s mountainous terrain was home to
hundreds of small states that were unified,
perhaps by horse-riding warriors from
Korea, in the fourth or fifth century. The
unified state established its government at
Yamato on Honshu Island.
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• In the mid-seventh century, the rulers of
Japan implemented a series of political
reforms to establish a centralized
government, legal code, national histories,
architecture, and city planning based on
the model of Tang China. However, the
Japanese did not copy the Chinese model
uncritically: they adapted it to the needs of
Japan and maintained their own concept of
emperorship. The native religion of Shinto
survived alongside the imported Buddhist
religion.
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• Women of the aristocracy became royal
consorts, thus linking the court with their
own kinsmen. A constitution that
influenced Japanese political thought for
centuries was developed in 604 when
Siuko, a woman from an immigrant
aristocratic family, reigned as empress,
taking over for her husband at his death in
592.
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• During the Heian period (794–1185), the
Fujiwara clan dominated the Japanese
government. The Heian period is known
for the aesthetic refinement of its
aristocracy and for the elevation of civil
officials above warriors.
• By the late 1000s, some warrior clans had
become wealthy and powerful. After years
of fighting, one warrior clan took control of
Japan and established the Kamakura
Shogunate, with its capital at Kamakura in
eastern Honshu.
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Japan
• In the 7th and 8th century Japan attempted
to borrow traditions from China
– Army, court etiquette, and art
• However, the emperor of Japan was kept
sheltered
– This led to provincial leaders (warlords) talking
over and a series of civil wars from the 12th to
17th centuries.
• Taika Reforms – copying Chinese
administration
– Chinese characters/language adoption
– wrote history in dynastic terms
– court etiquette
– struggled to master Confucian ways
– worshipped in Chinese style temples
– admired Buddhist art
– Buddhism blended with kami – Shinto
• After some tension between the Emperor
and the aristocracy and Buddhist monks the
capital was moved to Heian (Kyoto)
– Part of the motivation to move was the
emperor’s inability to control Buddhist monks,
so he was trying to move away from them…
– The monks just built new monasteries in the
nearby hills.
– The aristocracy had power because rank was
determined by birth, not merit
– Local leaders gained power by organizing
militias
• Life at court was “ultracivilized”
– There were many rules to regulate behavior
– Those at court were always expected to be polite
– Court life was very public, every action was
scrutinized, many put up a façade
– Known for grand complex of gardens and palaces
– Literature was important in court life
• Writing verse prioritized
• First novel-prose-Lady Muraski’s The Tale of Genji
– Criticized those who pursue aesthetic enjoyment
– Shows how poised and cultured nobility was expected
to act
– Females played unusually creative roll – avoided full
Chinese influence
• Rise of the Provincial Warrior Elites
– Large landed estates come from
• aristocratic families
• Built up power – landowners, estate managers, local
officials
– Decentralization: “Mini-kingdoms” like
fiefdoms/manors in Europe become the norm
• small fortresses
• constant threat from neighboring lords
• self-sufficient – granaries, blacksmith, wells
– Warrior leaders called bushi
– Administered law, public works, collected taxes,
and maintained armies
• Samurai armies – loyal to lords
– called in to protect emperor
– age of danger/bandits – samurai as bodyguards
– warrior class
– constantly trained in hunting, riding, archery
– used longbow and steel swords
– warrior code – bushido
• Courage
• Seppuku-(hari-kari) ritual suicide if you dishonor
family
• Prearranged battle locations, proclaimed ancestry,
few fatalities
• Peasants become serfs – bound to land
– Were not allowed to carry swords or dress like
samurai
– turned to Buddhism
Feudal Japan and Feudal Europe are often compared
on the AP exam.
Vietnam
• Geographical proximity and a similar,
irrigated wet-rice agriculture made Vietnam
suitable for integration with southern
China. Economic and cultural assimilation
took place during Tang and Song times,
when the elite of Annam (northern
Vietnam) modeled their high culture on
that of the Chinese. When the Tang
Empire fell, Annam established itself as an
independent state under the name Dai
Viet.
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• In southern Vietnam, the kingdom of
Champa was influenced by Malay and
Indian as well as by Chinese culture.
During the Song period, when Dai Viet was
established, Champa cultivated a
relationship with the Song state and
exported the fast-maturing Champa rice to
China.
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Vietnam
• Rice based diet and agriculture
• Vietnamese not as accepting of Chinese
influence
– Geographically farther away from heart of China
– Resilient culture
– Saw themselves as a distinct people with their
own traditions and characteristics, and they were
afraid Chinese rule would jeopardize that
• Benefits from relations with China
– technology
– market for their goods:
• ivory, tortoise shells, pearls, peacock feathers,
aromatic woods, exotic products from sea/forest
– able to emulate some of the political
organization
– Learned from Chinese ideas
• The Chinese however, looked down on the
Vietnamese as “southern barbarians”
• Differences between Vietnam and China
Many of these things are the motivation for China’s
dislike…
– Different language
– More village autonomy
– Favored nuclear family over extended family
– Never developed clan networks
– Women have greater freedom/influence
– Women wear long skirts/not long pants
– Delighted in cockfighting
– Chewed betel nut
– Blackened teeth
• In 111 B.C.E. Han dynasty conquers Vietnam –
the elite realized they could benefit from this…
• attended Chinese schools
• took exams for administration
• cropping techniques and irrigation
• military organization gave them an edge over
other neighbors
• family model begins to include extended family
– venerated ancestors
While the elite gained from connection to China the
peasants and women stood to lose a lot…
• Roots of Resistance
– Elites like the connection to China but the
peasants don’t
– The Chinese don’t like local customs of
Vietnamese and look down on them
– When local lords decided to take back power the
peasants rallied to their side
• One important example is the Trung sisters
that led a revolt illustrating the unhappiness of
the people and especially women
• The Chinese have a difficult time trying to
control Vietnam
– Its far away
– there are mountain barriers
– Very few Chinese actually moved to Vietnam (this
limited the number of loyal Chinese administrators)
• The Vietnamese took advantage of political
turmoil during the early Tang Empire and won
independence in 939
• East Asian countries shared a common
Confucian interest in hierarchy, but the
status of women varied from country to
country. Foot-binding was not common
outside China. Before Confucianism was
introduced to Annam, women there had a
higher status than women in Confucian
China. Nowhere, however, was the
education of women considered valuable
or even desirable.
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