Transcript XXX YYY - Faculty Washington

Cognitive Neuroscience (Psychology 460)
Summer Quarter
Mondays & Wednesdays 12:00 – 2:10pm
This course will focus on answering the question,
“How are cognitive behaviors produced by the human brain?”
Topics include language, attention, action, cognitive control, and
memory. The course will involve lectures, discussions, demonstrations,
and tours of some of the neuroscientific tools we have on the UW
campus.
Episodic vs Semantic Memories
Explicit vs Implicit Memory
Psychology 355: Cognitive Psychology
Instructor: John Miyamoto
05/02/2016: Lecture 06-1
Note: This Powerpoint presentation may contain macros that I wrote to help me create the slides. The macros
aren’t needed to view the slides. You can disable or delete the macros without any change to the presentation.
Outline
• What is the Evidence for the Distinction Between STM and LTM?
• Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory
Lecture probably
ends here
• What Builds Strong Memories?
Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr ‘16
How Do We Know that STM & LTM Are Different Systems?
Serial Position Curve
3
How Do We Know that STM and LTM
Involve Different Brain Mechanisms?
• Assumption of separate STM & LTM explains facts
about the serial position curve.
Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16
Show Exp Results for Primacy & Recency
4
STM/LTM Distinction Explains Primacy & Recency
Figure 6.4
Effect of Overt Rehearsal
% Recalled
% Recalled
Number of Rehearsals
Figure 6.5
Effect of Counting Backwards
Serial Position
No recency effect
Serial Position
Figure 6.5:
Figure 6.4:
• Red solid line:
Serial position curve
• Blue dotted line: Number of times a word
in each position was rehearsed.
Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16
•
Dashed line shows effect of counting
backwards by 3’s for 30 seconds after
presentation of list.
•
Counting backwards prevents retention
of words in STM, so recency effect
disappears.
How to Prove that Recency Effect Due to Retention in STM?
5
How Do We Know that STM and LTM
Involve Different Brain Mechanisms? (Conclusion)
• Assumption of separate STM & LTM explains facts about
the serial position curve.
• Neuropsych evidence of double dissociation between
STM & LTM.
o
o
HM & Clive Wearing
had normal memory
span, e.g., 5-8 digits
KF had reduced
memory span, e.g.,
about 2 digits.
LTM was ok.
HM, Clive Wearing
K. F.
STM
LTM
OK
Impaired
Impaired
OK
• Bottom Line: Most but not all cognitive psychologists accept that STM
(WM) and LTM are different mechanisms.
Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16
Episodic vs Semantic Memory + Surprise Memory Test Items
6
Next: Episodic Memory vs Semantic Memory,
But First, an Example (to be discussed later)
ELK
Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16
SHIP
PEAR
Diagram of Memory Systems
7
Episodic & Semantic Memory
Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16
Episodic vs Semantic Memory – Some Examples
8
Episodic versus Semantic Memory – Some Examples
• "I remember parking my car this morning."
E
• "I remember the big earthquake in 1963."
E
• "I remember that wolves are bigger than coyotes."
S
• "I remember that Olympia is south of Seattle."
S
• "I remember Beth's telling me to be at the meeting
on Thursday."
E
• “Barack Obama won the 2012 presidential election."
maybe E,
maybe S
maybe both
E
• A subject in a memory experiment says, "I remember
seeing the word, 'watermelon' on the list you showed me."
Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16
Double Dissociations Between Episodic & Semantic Memory
9
Recall versus Recognition Tests
• Recall Test: Can you remember the words that I displayed a few
minutes ago? Write them down.
• Recognition Test: Which of these words were displayed at the
beginning of this lecture? Write “yes” or “no” depending on whether a
word was or was not displayed at the beginning of the lecture.
BOAT
PEAR
DEER
etc.
Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16
Same Slide + Question: Do These Tests Involve Episodic or Semantic Memory?
10
Memory Performance on a Memory Test – Episodic or Semantic?
• Recall Test: Can you remember the words that I displayed at the
beginning of the lecture? Write them down.
• Recognition Test: Which of these words were displayed at the
beginning of this lecture? Write “yes” or “no” depending on whether a
word was or was not displayed at the beginning of the lecture.
• Is your memory performance on these tests an example of
episodic memory or semantic memory?
•
Main Point: Recall and recognition tests require episodic memory because
they require the subject to remember a specific previous experience.
•
Note that it requires semantic memory to answer, e.g., what is a ship?
Is a pear a fruit? But these were not the questions that were asked.
Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16
Double Dissociations Btwn Episodic & Semantic Memory
11
Double Dissociations Between Episodic & Semantic Memory
KC, HM
Italian woman (KF)
Semantic
Episodic
OK
Impaired
Impaired
OK
This table is similar to, but not quite identical to Table 6.4, p. 163, in Goldstein 4th ed.
• Semantic memory intact; episodic memory impaired.
o
o
Alzheimer's patient with intact semantic memory, and severely impaired
episodic memory.
Patient KC has injury to hippocampus.
Lost his episodic memory, but retains semantic memory.
• Semantic memory impaired; episodic memory intact
o
KF is a 44 year old Italian woman who had encephalitis. Impaired
semantic memory, e.g., could not remember meaning of words on a
shopping list; Intact episodic memory, e.g., could remember what she
had done
Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16
fMRI Evidence for Episodic/Semantic Distinction
12
How Do We Know that Episodic and Semantic Memory
Are Different Memory Systems?
Figure 6.8
Yellow: Subject is recalling
experiences (episodic).
Blue: Subject is recalling facts
(semantic).
• Neuropsychological (fMRI) evidence for double dissociations
between episodic & semantic memory.
♦
Pattern of activation is different while recalling episodic & semantic memories.
♦
It should be noted that there is overlap between episodic & semantic
memories.
Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16
Back to Diagram of Memory Systems – Episodic Memory versus Priming
13
Tuesday, May 03, 2016: The Lecture Ended Here
Psych 355,, Miyamoto, Spr '16
14