Transcript File - the Durham School Psychology Department!

UNIT 1 Revision
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Psychology Part 1.
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Multi Store Model of Memory
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Describe (Sensory Memory, STM, LTM)
Research and Evaluate
Working Memory Model
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Describe (Central Exec, Phonological Loop, Visuospatialsketchpad
Research and Evaluate
Cognitive Psychology Part 2.
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Eye Witness Testimony
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Describe what is meant by EWT
Discuss research into the effect of MISLEADING INFO
on accuracy of EWT
Discuss research into the effect of ANXIETY on
accuracy of EWT
Discuss research in to effect of AGE on accuracy of
EWT
Discuss ways to improve accuracy of EWT including
the use of the COG INTERVIEW
Cognitive Psychology Part 2. ctd
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Strategies for Memory Improvement
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Discuss strategies of memory improvement (including
how/why they work) for example..
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Mnemonics
Acronyms
Acrostics
Method of Loci
The Multi-Store Model
Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)
ECHOIC
STORE
ICONIC
STORE
Incoming sensory
information
Initially
registered
in the…
SENSORY
MEMORY
STORE
Information not
attended to is
lost quickly
HAPTIC
STORE
Info which
is
ATTENDED
to (paid
attention
to) goes
into the…
Maintenance
rehearsal keeps
info in STM
SHORTTERM
MEMORY
Information lost (via
FIFO displacement
or decay) if not
rehearsed
Info that is
RETRIEVED
goes back into
the STM
Info which is
REHEARSED
goes into
LONGTERM
MEMORY
Elaborative
rehearsal cause
info to go into
the LTM
Information
lost via natural
decay if it is
not retrieved
Sensory Memory Summary
ENCODING
Info from the sensory
organs is stored in
one of three forms…
…ICONIC, ECHOIC,
HAPTIC
Visual images;
sounds; feelings
EVIDENCE – Sperling (1960)
•Research Method?
•Experimental Design?
•Evaluation
Strengths?
Weaknesses?
DURATION
Information in
sensory memory is
held for approx…
…1-2 seconds
before it starts to
decay.
This is unless the
info is paid attention
to, when it goes to
the next store!
CAPACITY
Sensory memory
holds approx…
…3 items
STM Summary
ENCODING
Info held in…
•…ACOUSTIC form
We know this due to
research into
acoustic confusion
errors
e.g. Conrad,
(1964) who
found…
DURATION
Info held in STM
lasts about…
•…20-30 seconds
before total decay.
However, decay can
occur very quickly.
Only info which is
rehearsed does not
decay
Peterson and Peterson
CAPACITY
Miller – Capacity of
STM is…
•…5-9 items.
After this, new info
displaces old info on
the principle of
FIFO…
However, capacity
can be increased
via…
CHUNKING!
EVIDENCE – Peterson and Peterson
•Found participants accurately recalled the trigrams after a 3 second interval (90%
accuracy). However, after 18 seconds recall accuracy was only 2 %.
•THIS SHOWS information is held in STM for a maximum of 20-30secs
•HOWEVER ...
LTM Summary
ENCODING
Info held in…
•…SEMANTIC form
DURATION
Info held in LTM is…
Potentially unlimited
We know this due to
research showing
similar-meaning
errors
e.g. Baddeley,
(1966) who
found…
However, if
information is not
used it may be lost
via
natural decay
EVIDENCE – Baddeley (1966)
•Found …
•THIS SHOWS information is encoded semantically …
•HOWEVER ...
CAPACITY
Capacity of STM
is…
•unlimited.
It is possible to lose
info through
processes such as
decay and
interference
However,loss does
not occure due to
Capacity limitations
Evaluation of MSM
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Strengths
Supporting Research
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Case Study Evidence
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Weaknesses
Flaws with the model
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Clive Wearing
HM
Glazer and Cunitz
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Brain Scans
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PET/MRI
BUT … Validity of
supporting research is
questionable…
Doesn’t make real
world sense
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Lab Experiments
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Individual Differences
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Importance of rehearsal?
Flashbulb memories?
Levels of Processing
Too Simplistic
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Schatcher et al.
Working Memory Model
Incoming SENSORY info
Central
Executive
Phonological
Loop
Subdivided into
•Phonological store
(inner ear)
•Articulatory Process
(inner voice)
Visuo-Spatial
Sketchpad
LONG TERM MEMORY
EPISODIC
BUFFER
(added by
Baddeley in
2000)
WMM Summary
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Central executive
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Visuo-spatial sketchpad
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Registers all sensory info (‘modality free’)
Allocates ‘resources’ (slave systems)
Directs attention and monitors
Limited capacity
Processing of visual and spatial information
Subdivided into a visual cache and inner scribe (spatial) which have different functions…
Phonological Loop
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Processing of auditory info
Phonological Store
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Articulatory Process
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‘inner voice’ – an active rehearsal process to maintain info (subvocal repetition)
CAPACITY???
EPISODIC BUFFER
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‘Inner ear’ – a passive storage system
Processing of info which is both visual and verbal
Rehearsed info eventually goes to LTM
Info from LTM initially goes back into the central executive
Evaluation of WMM
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Strengths

Supporting Research
 Case Study Evidence
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Lab Experiments
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Weaknesses
Flaws
Baddeley & Hitch
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PET/MRI
Contribution to
Psychology
BUT … Validity of supporting
research is questionable…
Brain Scans
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KF
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with the model
Limited
Too Simplistic
Incomplete
Role of the central executive
is unclear
Eye Witness Testimony
EWT is a legal term. It refers to
an account given by people of an
event (normally a crime or accident)
they have witnessed
Why
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is EWT not accurate?
The nature of our memory
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Reconstructive - We replace info, omit some, etc so reconstruction
can lead to memory distortions
EWT is likely to rely on reconstructive memory so it’s not very
accurate
There are many factors which can affect the accuracy of our eye
witness memory schemas
Factors Affecting EWT
Misleading Info
Leading
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Questions
Leading q.s may
suggest what
happened and
distort the memory
This distorts it
because …
Anxiety/ Stress
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Research
into
Misleading info..
Loftus & Palmer 1974
Yuille & Cutshall
Evaluation
Negative
correlation
between anxiety
and accuracy of
EWT
Anxiety levels are
often linked to the
type of crime
Yerkes-Dodson
Curve
Research
Age
Children
Adults
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Findings show that
both groups are
less accurate in
their EWT
Children
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into
Anxiety …
Loftus and Burns
Yuille & Cutshall
Evaluation
Weapon focus
and Older
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Social Pressure
Suggestible
Limited language
and cognitive skills
Elderly
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Own
Easily distorted
Cog problems
Age Bias
Research …
Improving accuracy of EWT
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Cognitive Interview
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Developed by Geiselman et al (1985)
More effective investigative tool as it leads to
enhanced retrieval and significantly more detailed
and accurate EWT
4 stages:
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Report Everything
Context Reinstatement
Report from Changed Perspective
Changed Order
Evaluation of Cognitive
Interview
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Strengths
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Evidence of
effectiveness
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Weaknesses
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Evidence of inaccurate
recalled
Both Natural
info being
Experiments.
 Koehnken (1999)
Geiselman (1985)
This means….
 Cog Int leads to more info
Ppts shown simulated
being recalled, but also
crime
more INACCURATE info
Interviewed using CI
 Kebbel (1999)
or SI
 Survey of police officers –
Found …
incorrect info and time to
carry out
Evaluation of Cognitive
Interview
PRACTICAL DISADVANTAGES of using the CI
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Such as...
LIMITED USE
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Should not be used with...
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People with low intelligence/verbal skills; CHILDREN
Why?
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Instructions are too complex and these groups may not understand what is
expected or be able to explain the event in detail
Geiselman (1999) - found that children under 6 yrs old are likely to be less
accurate when the CI is used.
ETHICALLY QUESTIONABLE
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On what basis?
Witness is asked to relive the event over and over which may
cause...
Memory Improvement Strategies
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Mnemonics are practical applications of
cognitive theories and research as they have
helped improve peoples’ lives at work, school,
etc.
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Mnemonics can take many forms. We looked at:
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VERBAL Mnemonics
IMAGERY TECHNIQUES
ORGANISATION
‘STATE DEPENDENT’ techniques
Memory Improvement
Strategies
Verbal
Mnemonics
Techniques
based on verbal
strategies e.g.
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Acronyms
Acrostics
These work
by …
work
because
Imagery
Techniques
Techniques
involving item tbrm
with a mental image
so the 2 interact e.g.
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Peg Word Method
Method of Loci
Face-Name
system
These
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Cues & dual
coding
These
work
because
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Cues, dual coding
& elaborative
rehearsal
Research into this
Organisation
Involves
organising tbrm
into
organisational
hierarchies.
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Mind Maps
State
Dependent
Techniques
 Based on
encoding
specificity
principle.
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These
work
because …Dual
Coding occurs as a
visual
representation is
created
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Involves
recreating
the context
at the time of
encoding for
retrieval
These work
because
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Cues & dual
coding
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