Transcript memory0
Understanding Memory We are what we remember. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How is information pulled back out of memory? 3 Essential Questions How does information get into memory? Encoding – requires attention. Discuss penny 2. How is information maintained? Storage – “tip of the tongue” 3. How is information pulled back out of memory? Retrieval 1. Memory Challenge See how many you can remember? Apple candy sugar tooth pie chocolate tart soup nice month clock sour dog regret snow Check and Double Check 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Apple Candy Sugar Tooth Pie Chocolate Tart Soup 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Nice Month Clock Sour Dog Regret Snow Memory Challenge See how many you can remember? Write down as many as you can in the the correct order if you can. Images 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Calculator Microphone Strawberries Ice pack Rabbit Stapler Magician Hammer Telephone Kite Banana Snowman Rooster Watch Keys One More Try Ator botam crov difim firap glimoc ricul hilnim jolib kepwin leptav lumal mib natpem peyrim Write down as many as you can in the the correct order if you can. Results 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Ator Botam Crov Difim Firap Glimoc Ricul Hilnim Jolib Kepwin 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Leptav Lumal Mib Natpem Peyrim Memory Memory is the ability to code, store and retrieve information Memory involves encoding the input of the senses (visual, auditory, taste, smell, touch) What do you associate with each? Memory is rarely perfect Forgetting refers to memory failure Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory is a brief representation of a stimulus while being processed in the sensory system Short-Term Memory (STM) is working memory Visual Info – ½ second Auditory – 2 seconds Limited capacity (7 items) Duration is about 30 seconds Long-Term Memory (LTM) has a large capacity and long duration -- unknown ICONIC MEMORY GEORGE SPERLING P Y F G V J S A D H B U Overview of Memory Model Memory as a Computer How is this model flawed? Effective Encoding of Information 2 Types Automatic encoding – does not require deliberate effort ex. where you sit in class Effortful encoding – concentrated effort is required Ex. Depending how meaningful the words are affects encoding Concrete vs. Abstract vs. Nonsense Words Concreteness - the ability of a word to form a mental image Apple Boredom Car theory Rehearsal Rehearsal – the review or practice of material while you are learning it. Without rehearsal memories fade quickly from (STM) Can persist (H.M.) more than an hour Phone number experiment Why might we have a harder time remembering phone numbers today? 2 Types Maintenance Rehearsal – rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in short-term memory Elaborative Rehearsal – association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information – better for creation of long-term. Define thalamus Aka “traffic officer” Part of the _________ system Relays all sensory info except ________ Deep Processing - National Spelling Contests Does knowing too much about something make it less likely you will remember it? An Encoding Failure “Next-in-Line Effect” Interference Ex. Concepts and Key Points 3 Components of Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval What are two types of encoding? Automatic Effortful What is required during Encoding? Think about the penny. Attention What Phenomenon demonstrates the need for attention? “Next-In-Line Effect” What type of Memory was being challenged by the tests? Short-Term What is its capacity – size and time 7+/- 2 & 30 seconds How long does visual sensory memory last? ½ second What type of rehearsal is better for creating LTM? Elaborative Long-Term Memory Information transferred from STM to LTM is coded into categories and stored in terms of meaning REM sleep may play a key role in categorizing new items within LTM Memories retrieved from LTM are not an exact replica of the original event Memories are reconstructed and can be altered during the retrieval process Parallel Distributed Processing PDP model of memory recognizes that our brain processes multiple operations and involves a vast network of processing units that operate simultaneously. PDP model suggests that our memory does not work like a computer, which is more serial distribution. Integrating Approaches Varieties of LTM Organization of LTM Items in LTM are organized in categories that form a hierarchy with multiple paths (direct and indirect) to each item Sometimes the cues required to recall an item are not sufficient Tip-of the tongue phenomenon: person can’t easily recall the item, but shows some recall for its characteristics (“…it begins with the letter ….”) Memory Measures Recognition is when a specific cue is matched against LTM Recall is when a general cue is used to search memory • E.g. Who wrote “Common Sense” Relearning refers to a situation in which a person learns material a second time. (second time faster) Priming – A method for measuring implicit memory – example - words with the word stem def Priming Pass out demonstration sheets Priming demonstration Unscramble the following word: L T E PA Answer: P E T A L P L A T E Priming Why did half the class say plate and the other half say petal? They were primed to do so There were two different sheets of unscrambled words Priming sheet 1 Unscramble the following word: FINEK OPONS KROF PUC E C U SA R LT E PA Answer: K N I F E S P O O N F O R K C U P S A U C E R P L A T E Priming sheet 2 Unscramble the following word: NY P A S F E LA KTA L S DUB LOBSOMS LT E PA Answer: P A N S Y L E A F S T A L K B U D B L O S S O M P E T A L Priming Do priming demonstration Priming Seeing the word rabbit Activates concept Primes spelling the spoken word hair/hare as h-a-r-e Priming Activation of one or more existing memories by a stimulus Activation not a conscious decision BUT, can affect subsequent thoughts and actions Two types of priming Two types of priming Conceptual Priming Perceptual Priming Conceptual priming When priming stimulus influences your flow of thoughts Thought to involve activation of concepts stored in semantic memory Example: Previous priming demonstration Example: If you hear a story about a pitbull, when someone later asks you to name a dog, you’re more likely to say “pitbull” Perceptual priming Can you identify the fragmented stimulus below? Perceptual priming What if you were asked to unscramble the word earlier? Biological Perspective Long-term Potentiation - As a response is learned, specific neural pathways are established that become progressively more excitable and responsive Synapses are strengthened by stimulation of dendrites to grow more spines Ability of a neuron to release its neurotransmitters can be increased or decreased Flashbulb Memories Where were you when you first heard: That the spaceship Columbia/ Challenger had exploded during landing? That the federal building had been bombed in Oklahoma City? That Princess Diana had been killed in a car wreck? Most are personal ex. Duke Students asked 85 A car accident 82 When you first met your college roommate 81 High school graduation 78 Senior Prom Forgetting Forgetting is the inability to recall previously learned information Why is it necessary? How is it adaptive? Study Strategies Distributed practice refers to spacing learning periods in contrast to massed practice in which learning is “crammed” into a single session Distributed practice leads to better retention Serial Position Effect Remembering information at the beginning and end of a list better than material in the middle Theories of Forgetting Decay theory: memory trace fades with time when not accessed Doesn’t account for persistent declarative and procedural Replacement theory – new memory can wipe out old memories Spanish test 50 years later / swimming riding a bike etc Stop sign – “Did you see the car in front of the yield sign” Interference theory argues that information competes for retrieval • Proactive interference: old information interferes with recall of new information • Retroactive interference: new information interferes with recall of old information Interference and Memory Retroactive – Problem with remembering old information because of new information Proactive – the opposite Cue-dependent memory State-dependent memory How can you use this to find your lost keys How can it contribute to depression? Motivated forgetting: involves the loss of painful memories Encoding failure: may contribute to information never being encoded from STM to LTM and thus forgotten. Retrieval failure: the information is still within LTM, but cannot be recalled because the retrieval cue is absent Amnesia Amnesia is forgetting produced by brain injury or trauma Retrograde amnesia refers to problems with recall of information prior to a trauma Anterograde amnesia refers to problems with recall of information after a trauma Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia Point of Trauma Psychogenic amnesia – causes of forgetting are psychological and not organic (injury) Quite rare Involves massive memory loss, personal identity and usually ends suddenly Traumatic Amnesia – involves the forgetting of a specific traumatic event When it comes back it is perfectly accurate Part of a defensive mechanism (repression) of threatening or upsetting information to the unconscious What arguments are presented against the existence of this type of amnesia? Concentration Camps Not rehearsing Intentional distracting Dangers associated with confabulation and power of suggestion Childhood Amnesia – the inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first 2-3 years of life Problem encoding and retaining episodic memories and carrying them into later childhood Biological – the prefrontal cortex is not yet fully developed Cognitive Lack of a sense of self Impoverished encoding Focus more on the routine then the distinctive aspects When we begin to think like adults we no longer have access to the cues and information we once used as a schema Patient H.M. Patient H.M. suffered from chronic brain seizures In the 1950’s, surgeons removed portions of his hippocampus in order to reduce the seizures Since the surgery, Patient H.M. shows chronic anterograde amnesia He has normal STM He has normal recall for material learned prior to the surgery Patient H.M. has learned very little since the surgery Patient H.M. would have no idea of the significance of: Watergate The Challenger explosion The death of Princess Diana Issues in Memory Memory recall may involve reconstruction and thus may not be accurate Reasons for inaccuracy of memory: Source amnesia: attribution of a memory to the wrong source (e.g. a dream is recalled as an actual event) Sleeper effect: a piece of information from an unreliable source is initially discounted, but is recalled after the source has been forgotten Apply to political campaigning Sleeper Effect Eyewitness Testimony Primarily because of the constructive nature of memory, the reliability of eyewitness testimony is questioned. Repressed Memories The area of repressed memories is a hotly contested debate The reliability of repressed memories is called into question due to: the constructive element of memory source amnesia the sleeper effect Memory Strategies Mnemonic devices are strategies to improve memory by organizing information Method of Loci: ideas are associated with a place or part of a building Peg-Word system: peg words are associated with ideas (e.g. “one is a bun”) Word Associations: verbal associations are created for items to be learned Improving memory Use rehearsal techniques Improve organization Counteract the serial position effect Avoid massed practice Manage time Use the encoding specificity principle Employ self-monitoring and over learning Use mnemonic devices Attention “Next-in-line-effect”