Transcript Psychology - TeacherWeb

Memory
Fact or Fiction?
• Memory storage is never automatic; it always
takes effort.
• Although our capacity for storing information is
large, we are still limited in the number of
permanent memories we can form
• The hour before sleep, is a good time to commit
information to memory
• When people learn something while intoxicated,
they recall it best when they are again
intoxicated
• Confidence is essential to eyewitness accuracy
You are what you remember!
What was
your earliest
memory?
Psychology
Today
Can you
name the
Seven
dwarfs?
What is memory process?
Get info into the brain (encode)
Retain information (storage)
Get information out (retrieval)
Types of Memory
• Procedural memory- memory for how to
carry out skilled movement
• Episodic memory- memory regarding a
personal experience
• Semantic memory- memory involving
general knowledge
Encoding
Shiffrin/Atkinson Model
Visual Sensory Memory (Iconic)
Visual images stored 1-2 seconds
Auditory Sensory Memory (echoic)
Sound images last 3-4 seconds
Tactile Sensory Memory (touch)
Touch sensations last 1-2 seconds
Memory Processing Model
Herman Ebbinghaus
Maintenance
Rehearsal
Elaborate rehearsal
(rehearsal &
meaning)
Schema &
Constructive memory
Chunking
Meaning
Mnemonics
Imagery
Chunking
IBFIMBWBMATWIAC
Meaning
Storage
Short-term Memory= how does
it work?
• Brief (20
seconds)
• Easily
interrupted
• Limited in size
Short-term
memory recall is
approximately 7
digits
Magic Number 7
+ or - 2
Flashbulb memory= also
called Episodic memory
 Vivid
 LongLasting
 Emotional
Retrieval
• Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (it’s in
there but I can’t get it out!)
• Implicit memory= when we “remember”
something without knowing that we are.
Implicit memory may need priming
• Explicit memory (sometimes called
declarative memory) this memory is
consciously “declared”
Encoding specificity principle= we retrieve best
when we can re-create the original conditions
State dependent memory
Content dependent memory
Same physical
space
Same or similar
emotional state
Eidetic memory
Official term for
photographic memory
Module 23: Forgetting and Memory Construction
Forgetting as Encoding
Failure
Encoding Failures
• People fail to encode information
because:
– It is unimportant to them
– It is not necessary to know the
information
– A decrease in the brain’s ability to
encode
Retrieval…what if the memory is
“in there” but you can’t get it
out?
• Tip of the tongue phenomenon
• Recognize with “cues”
• Implicit memory= “remembering”
something when we don’t realize that we
do. (may need to be primed)
• Explicit memory=
Serial Position
Module 23: Forgetting and Memory Construction
Forgetting
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
• German philosopher
who pioneering memory
studies.
• Developed the forgetting
curve, also called the
“retention curve” or
“Ebbinghaus curve”
The Forgetting Curve
(Adapted from Ebbinghaus, 1885)
Module 23: Forgetting and Memory Construction
Forgetting as Retrieval
Failure:
Interference
Interference
• A retrieval problem when one memory
gets in the way of remembering another
• Two types of interference:
– Proactive interference
– Retroactive interference
Proactive Interference
• When an older memory disrupts the
recall of a newer memory.
Proactive Interference
Retroactive Interference
• When a more recent memory disrupts
the recall of an older memory.
Retroactive Interference
Forgetting (The Freudian view)
Repression
Memory & the Brain
Much is known
And much is still being
discovered
Long-Term Potentiation
Neural explanation
When groups of neurons fire
together repeatedly, the
synaptic connections form
communications
Aplysia (sea snail)
Memory Jigsaw Analogy
• Memories, rather than being like a video
tape, are formed as bits and pieces.
• People may retrieve only some of the
pieces of the memory
Physical Structures of memory
• The Hippocampus- new memories
• The Cerebellum-procedural memories
here
• The Prefrontal cortex- “habit” learning
• The Amygdala- emotional learning
• Thalamus
• Neurotransmitters?????
Elizabeth Loftus (1944- )
• Psychologist at University of California,
Irvine, whose research established the
constructed nature of memory.
• Has found that subjects’ memories vary
based on the wording
of questions
• Memories are malleable
• Demonstrated the
misinformation effect
Misinformation Effect
• Incorporating misleading information
into a memory of an event.
• Affects eyewitness testimony
Misinformation Effect
Module 23: Forgetting and Memory Construction
Memory Construction:
Recovered Memories
Accuracy of Memories