Transcript Biology of Memory

Memory
Unit 8
Lesson 1
Objectives




Analyze information processing theory in
depth.
Explain the three processes involved in
memory formation.
Differentiate between the three memory
storage systems.
Identify the types of memories we store.
Warm Up



How are learning and
memory related?
Learning –
 Change in behavior that results from
experience
Memory –
 Process by which we retain and recall
something learned or experienced
FYI!!! Biology of Memory

Every time we learn
something we change
our brain structure!

Neurons & synapses
adapt & become more
responsive
Biology of Memory

Memories stored
in pieces all over
cerebral cortex
Walter Penfield (1930s)
Biology of Memory

Hippocampus


Amygdala


Emotion to memory
Frontal Lobes / Cortex


New memory formation
Encoding and retrieval
Cerebellum

“Muscle” memory
Information Processing Model


Input: All sensory information
Central Processing: Processing info into
memory




Encoding – initial perception and transformation of information
Storage – retention of encoded information over time
Retrieval – bringing memory out of storage for use
Output: Ideas and actions that result from
processing
Model of Info-Processing

Information


Any element that reduces
uncertainty
Senses

electrical impulses
perceived as sight, sound,
touch, taste, smell!
Sensory Register

Sensory Memory

Iconic Memoryvisual trace
Echoic Memory- auditory
trace

Lasts ½ second to 3 seconds
Transduction of sensory
information
G
Z
E
P
R
K
O
D
B
T
X
F
What were those letters?
G
Z
E
P
R
K
O
D
B
T
X
F
Model of Info-Processing

Selective Attention


Orient senses from
lots of available info
to particular source
Feature Extraction

Tells us what it is
Short Term Memory


aka
Working Memory


Where conscious
processing takes place
Limited capacity


7 (+/- 2)
Typically ~30 seconds…
recall 10-20 minutes
9217053
What was that number?
17177487609
What was that number?

Probably repeated over and over –
rehearsal

Or broke it down into parts – chunking

* Both help to increase capacity in STM!
What was that #?
1 717 748 7609
HO TB UT TE RE DP OP CO RN IN AB OW L
HOT BUTTERED POPCORN IN A BOWL
Long Term Memory

Store it or lose it…

Encode Info





Survival Value
Emotion
Understanding
Relevance
Occurs during sleep!
Model of Info-Processing

Encoding Example
Draw a penny…face,
words, etc…
Long Term Memory

LTM
 Relatively permanent storage area



Doesn’t mean we can always retrieve it!
Practically unlimited
( 100 trillion bits of info! )
Influences what we pay attn to in the
environment!
Memory Capacity

Two major types LTM

Implicit vs Explicit Memory



Implicit – info unconsciously enters memory
Explicit – conscious, intentional remembering
Procedural vs Declarative


Procedural – recall of how to do things (actions/skills)
Declarative – recall of factual information


Semantic – general factual knowledge
Episodic – personal events or situations
Which type of memory?
Memory

Info is useless if we
can’t get to it…

RETRIEVAL

Focus of next lesson!
Activity
Redesign Info-Processing Model Using
Metaphor You Choose!
Information Processing is Like…
Fishing, Sporting Event, Club, Cooking,
American Idol, House, Mall, etc.