Transcript chpt5-LTM
Long-Term Memory Introduction STM versus LTM Episodic Memory Semantic Memory Procedural Memory Encoding in Long-Term Memory Depth of Processing (or Levels of Processing) Self Reference Effect Encoding Specificity Principle Emotions, Moods, and Memory 1 Long-Term Memory 2 Retrieval in Long-Term Memory Explicit versus Implicit Memory Very Long-Term Memory Expertise Amnesia Autobiographical Memory Flashbulb Memories Schemas & Autobiographical Memory Source Monitoring Eyewitness Testimony 2 Tulving’s Memory Model Episodic Semantic Procedural 3 Encoding in LTM Levels (depth) of processing Self-Reference Effect Encoding Specificity Principle Emotion and Memory Mood and Memory 4 Levels of Processing Framework Craik & Lockhart (1972) Type of Processing Physical Processing > shallow Meaningful Processing > deep Trace byproduct of processing Deeper processing leads to more durable traces 5 Levels of Processing Demonstration 6 7 Maintenance Rehearsal vs. Elaborative Rehearsal 8 Research on LOP and Similar Themes Tulving (1975) Generation Effect (1978) e.g. light d_ _ k (generation) vs. light dark (read) Faces - e.g. Sporer (1991) 9 Judge how wide the person’s nose is: 1 very thin 2 3 average 4 5 very wide 10 11 12 Judge how honest this face is: 1 2 very dishonest 3 4 5 very hone st 13 Explanations Distinctiveness Elaboration 14 Self-Reference Effect Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker (1997) Process list of words: Physical characteristics Acoustic characteristics Semantic characteristics Self - (reference) Robust effect Symons & Johnson (1997) Meta-analysis Explanations 15 Rogers, et. al., 1977 16 Revisions to LOP Moscovitch & Craik (1975) -Encoding Specificity Principle Bransford & Franks - Transfer Appropriate Processing 17 Effects of Context Geiselman & Glenny (1977) Outshining hypothesis H 18 Effects of Context Baddeley - scuba diving Remembering names - faces as contextual cues Practical Application - imaginary reinstatement 19 Geiselman & Glenny (1997) Encoding (Imagined) Test (Actual Speaker) female voice male female male voice male female 20 21 How can we use the Encoding Specificity Principle to improve memory for events? 22 Mood & Memory Memory for items differing in emotion Pollyanna Principle Mood Congruence - individual differences studies - experimental manipulation of moods Mood-State Dependence - Claudia Ucros (1989) - meta-analysis - other variables 23 Study each of the words that appear Picture Commerce Motion Village Vessel Window Number Reindeer Custom Fellow Advice Dozen Flower Kitchen Bookstore 24 Explicit Memory Measures 25 Implicit Memory Measures Picture, Commerce, Motion, Village,Vessel,Window, Number, Reindeer, Custom, Fellow, Advice, Dozen, Flower, Kitchen, Bookstore 26 Explicit vs Implicit Measures of Memory Explicit memory measures: recall recognition Implicit memory measures: Word fragment completion Stem completion Repetition priming Role of conscious, deliberate recollection 27 The Critical Distinction Explicit memory tasks require conscious, deliberate recollection of previous experiences Implicit memory tasks do not require conscious recollection of previous events e.g., b_ _ k 28 Research with Amnesics Warrington & Weiskrantz (1970) Tasks explicit - recognition, recall implicit - mutilated word guessing - stem completion e.g. st_ _ _ Replicated Dissociation 29 Dissociation A variable has an effect on one type of test, but little or no effect on another type of test A variable has one type of effect if measured by Test A, but a different effect if measured by Test B 30 Research with Normal Adults Levels of processing and the implicit / explicit distincion Picture Superiority Effect Current Status - explanations - applications 31 Levels of Processing: Explicit/Implict Tests truck Semantic (pleasant vs unpleasant) Explicit Memory Test Implicit Memory Test (e.g. t_u_k) Higher recall, recognition * ___ Physical, perceptual Task (# syllables or Upper/lower case?) ___ Higher--or at least equal performance* 32 Picture Superiority Effect QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. versus. Elephant 1. Subjects view a series of pictures or a series of words 2. Subjects recall stimuli by writing down names of items -- recall of pictures is higher than recall of words. 33 Weldon & Roediger (1987) Picture Superiority Effect Encoding ‘FROG’ vs. H Test Recall Recall Compare Implicit vs. Explicit Measures Encoding vs. Recall Test word fragment completion fr_g ‘FROG’ Recall word fragment completion fr_g 34 35 Explanations No agreed-upon explanation Context & encoding specificity Multiple memory systems e.g. Tulving Neuroscience account 36 Applications of implicit / explicit memory research to real life problems? 37 Ad for Experimental Psychologists 38 Expertise Influence on LTM Definition - consistent superior performance - deliberate practice - at least 10 years Domain specific 10-year rule 39 Context-Specific Nature of Expertise Skilled memory effect Chess -De Groot -Chase & Simon (1973): 5 second task typical vs. random positions Similar effects in many domains: -basketball -x-rays -circuit diagrams, etc. SF (digits only) 40 An Expert Waiter - JC Ericsson (1985) J.C. - 20 tops Comparison of J.C. to college students Critical difference = memory strategies and knowledge Follow-up study (Crutcher, Ericsson, & Bauder) 41 t-bone rare baked potato blue cheese filet mignon well-done rice thousand island sirloin medium rice oil and v inegar 42 JC’s Strategies Temperature well done medium well medium medium rare rare Salad Dressings thousand island blue cheese oil & vinegar tbo 43 44 Autobiographical Memory Memory for events and issues related to yourself Naturally occurring events Rapidly growing interest Wide variety of topics High ecological validity 45 Flashbulb Memories Brown & Kulik (1977) High level of surprise High level of emotional arousal Recent Research (Weaver, 1993) Schemas & Autobiographical Memory Generalized, abstract knowledge structures Memory for common, ordinary events Variable instantiation False memories Consistency bias Repisodic Memory 46 Source Monitoring Origin of a memory Actual versus imagined action Marsh & Colleagues (1997) Henkel & Colleagues (2000) 47 Flashbulb Memory Demonstration 48 Schematization of Memory 49 Eyewitness Testimony The ‘gentleman bandit’ (1979) Identifying faces Recognition accuracy Time and attention Reintz, et al. (1994, p 45) Length of retention interval Intervening info Misleading post-event info 50 Misinformation Effect Caused by misleading information given after viewing an earlier event RI = retroactive inhibition or interference • Classic experiment - Loftus (1978) 51 Loftus (1978) Slides: Delay: 20 minutes to 1 week Question Answering Critical Question: consistent or inconsistent detail Test: Select 1 or 2 slides ma tching previously-viewed slide 52 Loftus (1978) Results 53