Transcript ap memory - HopewellPsychology

Chapter 7 Memory
Encoding
 1st
step in remembering
 Putting information into memory
Storage
 Second
step in remembering information.
 Putting information into short term or long
term memory
Retrieval
 Locating
stored information and returning
it to conscious thought.
 3rd step in remembering
Types of Memory
 Explicit



(takes conscious effort to recall)
Episodic-memory of your life
Semantic-fact
Processed into long-term memory by
hippocampus
 Implicit/Procedural



(no effort)
Classical conditioning
Skills (swimming, walking, etc.)
Processed into long-term memory by
cerebellum
Flashbulb memory
 Events
so important it seems as though it
is a photograph in your mind.
 Example: Wedding day
Types of encoding
 Semantic:



Make something meaningful in order to
remember it.
Ex., you remember song lyrics that you like
more easily than your class notes
We remember things that are emotional for
us-funny, embarrassing, clever, intriguing, etc
 Acoustic-remember
by sound
 Visual-remember what we see
 amazing
memory
Processing
 Ebinghaus

and the forgetting curve
Forget a lot quickly unless we consciously try
to remember the information
 Spacing
effect- studying a little each night
leads to better encoding of information
 Primacy
effect-beginning of a list goes
into long-term memory better.
 Recency effect-end of list goes into shortterm memory better SO WE GET THE…
 Serial Position effect-remember beginning
and end of a list
Mnemonic Devices
(help enhance encoding)
 Method
of location-tie objects to your daily
routine.
 Narrative chaining-tell a story linking items
 Acronyms-take first letter of each word to
be encoded and make them start new
words in an easy to remember phrase
 Ex.-My Very Eager Mother Just Served us
Nachos. (sorry Pluto)
 Socks
fishing pole
 Goat
 Car
tire
 Pickle
 Elvis
 Garden hose
 Computer
 Basketball
 Pizza
 Globe
 Stapler
US flag
spaghetti
 Chunking-grouping
items to remember
them
 Over learning-looking at something over
and over again until it is learned.
Storage
 Sensory
memory 1st stage of memory through our senses.
 TYPES:
1. Iconic Memory- Mental pictures, they are
like snapshots
 Different from flashbulb because it is a still
frame rather than playing movie
2. Acoustic/Echoic Memory Remembering what you hear or…
 Saying things out loud in order to
remember them
Short Term Memory
 Memory
we keep only for a short period of
time.
 Will forget information later that is in short
term memory unless we are able to
encode it into long-term memory
Long-Term Memory
 Memories
that are in your mind for good
 Your mind already holds more information
than an encyclopedia or computer hard
drive.
 It holds words, pictures, sounds, smells,
tastes, touches, etc…
 Apparently there is no limit to how much
we can remember
 Long-term


potentiationSignal transmission between neurons
gets stronger after repeated use of those
neural pathways.
So…the more you think about
information, the better it stays in your
memory
Retrieval
 Recall
of learned information
 Priming-exposure
to a stimulus that later
influences memory recall
 Ex. Participants in one study read a story
about the ocean and were later asked to
recall their favorite detergent.
 Ex. Reading a list of words that includes
table. Later when asked to come up with
a word that starts with ta-more likely to say
table.
State-dependent Memories
 We
remember something better in the
same physiological and mental state we
learned it in.

Types
1.
2.
3.
Context-we remember better in the same
environment we learned something in
Mood-we remember past events better if we
were in the same mood then that we are
now
When learning something while on a drug,
rats in a study remembered it better when on
the drug again
4. Sensations we have felt before can trigger
memory as well, such as a familiar smell
triggering a memory.
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
 Come
so close to retrieving information
that it seems like the information is on the
tip-of-the-tongue.
Interference
 Proactive
interference-old information
blocks recall of new information
 Ex. A boy call his girlfriend by his old
girlfriends name.
 Retroactive interference-new information
blocks recall of old information
Ex. Forget old locker combination after
using the new one for a few weeks.
 Repression-unable
to retrieve unpleasant
memories
 Misinformation effect-leading questions
can affect the accuracy of memory
 Elizabeth Loftus experiment-when asked
how fast cars were going when the
“smashed” into each other after watching
video of a crash, people overestimated the
speed of the cars and described broken
glass when there was none.
 Retrograde
amnesia-can’t remember the
past
 Anterograde
memories
amnesia-can’t form new